Welcome back to THE IAS COMPANION.

Today, we delve into the pivotal concept of judicial review, essential for maintaining the supremacy of the Constitution and ensuring conformity of all laws and executive actions to constitutional mandates. Originating in the United States with the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison (1803), judicial review empowered the judiciary to declare laws unconstitutional. In India, this power is explicitly granted by the Constitution, enabling both the Supreme Court and High Courts to review legislative and executive actions.

Judicial review in India encompasses constitutional amendments, legislation, and administrative actions. Landmark cases such as Kesavananda Bharati (1973) and the NJAC Act Case (2015) have shaped its contours. This power upholds the Constitution's supremacy, maintains federal balance, and protects fundamental rights, making it a basic feature of the Indian Constitution. Key constitutional provisions like Articles 13, 32, and 226 empower the judiciary in this regard. Judicial review ensures that all governmental actions align with constitutional principles, preserving democratic governance and justice in society.

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Welcome back to THE IAS COMPANION.

Today, we explore the Supreme Court of India, a pillar of the country's judiciary with extensive jurisdiction and unique powers. Unlike other supreme courts, it functions as both a federal court and the final court of appeal, akin to the British House of Lords. It serves as the ultimate interpreter of the Constitution, protecting citizens' fundamental rights, and has advisory and supervisory roles, granting it unmatched authority.

India’s unified judicial system, established with the Supreme Court at its apex in 1950, contrasts with the United States' dual judicial system. This system includes High Courts and subordinate courts, all enforcing both central and state laws, while in the U.S., federal and state laws are enforced separately by respective judiciaries.

Detailed in Articles 124 to 147 of the Indian Constitution, the Supreme Court's framework includes its organization, independence, jurisdiction, and procedures, regulated by Parliament. The Court has 34 judges, including the Chief Justice, with appointments made by the President following a consultation process that has evolved to emphasize judicial independence.

Judges serve until age 65, with their tenure protected against arbitrary removal. The Supreme Court's powers encompass original, writ, and appellate jurisdictions, advisory roles, judicial review, and interpretation of the Constitution. Its structure and functioning ensure robust oversight of legislative and executive actions, maintaining the rule of law and democratic principles in India.

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Welcome back to THE IAS COMPANION.

Today, we explore the vital role of "Other Grants" in parliamentary governance. These grants address extraordinary circumstances, ensuring smooth financial operations.

Supplementary Grants cover unforeseen financial shortfalls within the government's budget, acting as a fiscal booster. Additional Grants cater to unexpected mid-year expenditures for new services. When expenses exceed initial budgets, Excess Grants provide necessary funding. Votes of Credit function as a 'blank cheque' for urgent demands outside the regular budget. Exceptional Grants are for special, non-regular needs, and Token Grants of Re 1 enable reallocation of funds for new services without extra expenditure.

The financial framework of the Parliament includes three key funds:

1. Consolidated Fund of India: The primary account for all revenues and expenditures.
2. Public Account of India: Manages specific public monies like provident funds.
3. Contingency Fund of India: A reserve for unforeseen expenditures.

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