How the Gospels Became History
Jesus and Mediterranean Myths (Synkrisis)
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Narrado por:
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Doug Smith
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De:
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M. David Litwa
Acerca de esta escucha
Did the early Christians believe their myths? Like most ancient—and modern—people, early Christians made efforts to present their myths in the most believable ways.
In this eye-opening work, M. David Litwa explores how and why what later became the four canonical gospels take on a historical cast that remains vitally important for many Christians today. Offering an in-depth comparison with other Greco-Roman stories that have been shaped to seem like history, Litwa shows how the evangelists responded to the pressures of Greco-Roman literary culture by using well-known historiographical tropes such as the mention of famous rulers and kings, geographical notices, the introduction of eyewitnesses, vivid presentation, alternative reports, and so on. In this way, the evangelists deliberately shaped myths about Jesus into historical discourse to maximize their believability for ancient audiences.
This is the most compelling and thorough comparison of the gospels and Greco-Roman mythology to appear in the last 50 years.
©2019 Yale University Press (P)2023 Matthew David LitwaLos oyentes también disfrutaron...
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Narración:4.5 out of 5 stars 40
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Historia5 out of 5 stars 39
Many Christians mistakenly believe that their only choice is either to reconcile themselves to a fundamentalist reading of scripture (a "literal-factual" approach) or to simply reject the Bible as something that could bring meaning and value into their lives. In Reading the Bible Again for the First Time, Marcus Borg shows how instead we can freshly appreciate all the essential elements of the Old and New Testaments - from Genesis to Revelation - in a way that can open up a new world of intelligent faith.
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5 out of 5 stars
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Marcus Borg's level of scholarship
- De Diana Johnson en 11-08-24
De: Marcus J. Borg
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Jesus
- Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium
- De: Bart D. Ehrman
- Narrado por: Tom Parks
- Duración: 12 h y 40 m
- Versión completa
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General4.5 out of 5 stars 264
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Narración:5 out of 5 stars 225
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Historia4.5 out of 5 stars 221
In this highly accessible discussion, Bart Ehrman examines the most recent textual and archaeological sources for the life of Jesus, along with the history of first-century Palestine, drawing a fascinating portrait of the man and his teachings. Ehrman shows us what historians have long known about the Gospels and the man who stands behind them. Through a careful evaluation of the New Testament (and other surviving sources, including the more recently discovered Gospels of Thomas and Peter), Ehrman proposes that Jesus can be best understood as an apocalyptic prophet.
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5 out of 5 stars
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I must read for those whose wanting to expand their insight from a single perspective (devotional) to include historical
- De RGO en 11-25-19
De: Bart D. Ehrman
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How God Became God
- What Scholars Are Really Saying About God and the Bible
- De: Richard M. Smoley
- Narrado por: Richard M. Smoley
- Duración: 9 h y 50 m
- Versión completa
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General5 out of 5 stars 48
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Narración:5 out of 5 stars 45
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Historia5 out of 5 stars 45
This epic, thrilling journey through Bible scholarship and ancient religion shows how much of Scripture is historically false - yet the ancient writings also resound with theologies that crisscrossed the primeval world and that direct us today toward a deep, authentic inner experience of the truly sacred.
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3 out of 5 stars
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Just Okay.
- De Thom en 10-28-21
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How Jesus Became God
- The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee
- De: Bart D. Ehrman
- Narrado por: Walter Dixon
- Duración: 10 h y 35 m
- Versión completa
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General4.5 out of 5 stars 993
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Narración:4.5 out of 5 stars 876
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Historia4.5 out of 5 stars 869
In a book that took eight years to research and write, leading Bible scholar Bart D. Ehrman explores how an apocalyptic prophet from the backwaters of rural Galilee crucified for crimes against the state came to be thought of as equal with the one God Almighty Creator of all things. Ehrman sketches Jesus's transformation from a human prophet to the Son of God exalted to divine status at his resurrection. Only when some of Jesus's followers had visions of him after his death - alive again - did anyone come to think that he, the prophet from Galilee, had become God.
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3 out of 5 stars
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Wishing for a bit more meat on the bones
- De Darwin8u en 04-09-14
De: Bart D. Ehrman
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Forbidden Faith
- The Secret History of Gnosticism
- De: Richard Smoley
- Narrado por: Bob Souer
- Duración: 8 h y 56 m
- Versión completa
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General4.5 out of 5 stars 156
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Narración:4.5 out of 5 stars 134
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Historia4.5 out of 5 stars 133
The success of books such as Elaine Pagels's Gnostic Gospels and Dan Brown's Da Vinci Code proves beyond a doubt that there is a tremendous thirst today for finding the hidden truths of Christianity - truths that may have been lost or buried by institutional religion over the last two millennia. In Forbidden Faith, Richard Smoley narrates a popular history of one such truth, the ancient esoteric religion of gnosticism, which flourished between the first and fourth centuries AD, but whose legacy remains even today, having survived secretly throughout the ages.
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5 out of 5 stars
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Excellent start to finish
- De Stefan Switzer en 06-07-21
De: Richard Smoley
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Mystery of the Magi
- The Quest to Identify the Three Wise Men
- De: Dwight Longenecker
- Narrado por: Stephen McLaughlin
- Duración: 5 h y 41 m
- Versión completa
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General4.5 out of 5 stars 65
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Narración:4.5 out of 5 stars 58
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Historia4.5 out of 5 stars 58
The Magi of nativity scenes are romanticized as well-dressed wisemen bringing gifts to Jesus. Traditional Chrstians tell of a miraculous star that guided exotic kings from Persia, India, and Africa. Academics dismiss both accounts as no more than a pious legend. Who is right? In The Mystery of the Magi, Dwight Longenecker shows that all sides are wrong and the Magi were diplomats from Petra, the capital of the Nabatean kingdom of Arabia.
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4 out of 5 stars
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A Fascinating Deep Dive into the Story of the Magi
- De Pastor Ryan en 08-06-18
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The Great Shift
- Encountering God in Biblical Times
- De: James L. Kugel
- Narrado por: Malcolm Hillgartner
- Duración: 15 h y 23 m
- Versión completa
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General4.5 out of 5 stars 32
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Narración:5 out of 5 stars 30
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Historia4.5 out of 5 stars 29
Why does the Bible depict a world in which humans, with surprising regularity, encounter the divine - wrestling an angel, addressing a burning bush, issuing forth prophecy without any choice in the matter? These stories spoke very differently to their original audience than they do to us, and they reflect a radically distinct understanding of reality and the human mind. Yet over the course of the thousand-year biblical era, encounters with God changed dramatically.
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5 out of 5 stars
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Changing Conceptions of God and the Self
- De DJ en 10-27-22
De: James L. Kugel
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The Exodus
- De: Richard Elliott Friedman
- Narrado por: Richard Elliott Friedman
- Duración: 5 h y 50 m
- Versión completa
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General4.5 out of 5 stars 180
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Narración:4.5 out of 5 stars 161
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Historia4.5 out of 5 stars 157
Biblical scholars, Egyptologists, archaeologists, historians, literary scholars, anthropologists, and filmmakers are drawn to the mystery of the exodus. Unable to find physical evidence until now, many archaeologists and scholars claim this mass migration is just a story, not history. Others oppose this conclusion, defending the biblical account.
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3 out of 5 stars
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It started well......
- De kboy2008 en 04-21-20
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Battling the Gods
- Atheism in the Ancient World
- De: Tim Whitmarsh
- Narrado por: James Langton
- Duración: 10 h y 10 m
- Versión completa
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General4.5 out of 5 stars 102
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Narración:4.5 out of 5 stars 94
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Historia4.5 out of 5 stars 92
Long before the European Enlightenment and the Darwinian revolution, which we often take to mark the birth of the modern revolt against religious explanations of the world, brave people doubted the power of the gods. Religion provoked skepticism in ancient Greece, and heretics argued that history must be understood as a result of human action rather than divine intervention. They devised theories of the cosmos based on matter and notions of matter based on atoms.
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5 out of 5 stars
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We have a history as long and as rich as any relig
- De Glencannnon en 08-13-19
De: Tim Whitmarsh
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After Jesus, Before Christianity
- A Historical Exploration of the First Two Centuries of Jesus Movements
- De: Erin Vearncombe, Brandon Scott, Hal Taussig, y otros
- Narrado por: Cindy Kay
- Duración: 10 h y 53 m
- Versión completa
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General4.5 out of 5 stars 96
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Narración:4.5 out of 5 stars 82
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Historia4.5 out of 5 stars 82
From the creative minds of the scholarly group behind the groundbreaking Jesus Seminar comes this provocative and eye-opening look at the roots of Christianity that offers a thoughtful reconsideration of the first two centuries of the Jesus movement, transforming our understanding of the religion and its early dissemination.
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5 out of 5 stars
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Excellent and informative
- De Claire Z. en 04-17-22
De: Erin Vearncombe, y otros
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The Evolution of God
- De: Robert Wright
- Narrado por: Arthur Morey
- Duración: 18 h y 25 m
- Versión completa
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General4 out of 5 stars 1,080
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Narración:4.5 out of 5 stars 694
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Historia4.5 out of 5 stars 691
In this sweeping narrative, which takes us from the Stone Age to the Information Age, Robert Wright unveils an astonishing discovery: there is a hidden pattern that the great monotheistic faiths have followed as they have evolved. Through the prisms of archeology, theology, and evolutionary psychology, Wright's findings overturn basic assumptions about Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and are sure to cause controversy.
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3 out of 5 stars
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Very heavy reading
- De Stephen en 08-07-09
De: Robert Wright
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God and Empire
- Jesus Against Rome, Then and Now
- De: John Dominic Crossan
- Narrado por: Derek Perkins
- Duración: 9 h y 4 m
- Versión completa
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General5 out of 5 stars 33
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Narración:5 out of 5 stars 28
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Historia4.5 out of 5 stars 28
In contrast to the oppressive Roman military occupation of the first century, Crossan examines the meaning of the non-violent Kingdom of God prophesized by Jesus and the equality advocated by Paul to the early Christian churches. Crossan contrasts these messages of peace with the misinterpreted apocalyptic vision from the Book of Revelation, which has been misrepresented by modern right-wing theologians and televangelists to justify US military actions in the Middle East.
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5 out of 5 stars
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Smart Book
- De Wesley Bishop en 07-01-22
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The Fourth Gospel
- Tales of a Jewish Mystic
- De: John Shelby Spong
- Narrado por: Al Kessel
- Duración: 11 h y 59 m
- Versión completa
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General5 out of 5 stars 34
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Narración:4.5 out of 5 stars 32
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Historia4.5 out of 5 stars 32
John Shelby Spong, best-selling author and popular proponent of a modern, scholarly, and authentic Christianity, argues that this last gospel to be written was misinterpreted by the framers of the fourth-century creeds to be a literal account of the life of Jesus when in fact it is a literary, interpretive retelling of the events in Jesus' life through the medium of fictional characters, from Nicodemus and Lazarus to the "Beloved Disciple."
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4 out of 5 stars
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Very thought-provoking
- De Mark J Mickey en 03-18-23
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The Bible's Cutting Room Floor
- The Holy Scriptures Missing from Your Bible
- De: Joel M. Hoffman
- Narrado por: Jonathan Todd Ross
- Duración: 10 h y 33 m
- Versión completa
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General4 out of 5 stars 59
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Narración:4.5 out of 5 stars 56
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Historia4 out of 5 stars 56
In The Bible’s Cutting Room Floor, acclaimed author and translator Dr. Joel M. Hoffman gives us the stories and other texts that didn’t make it into the Bible even though they offer penetrating insight into the Bible and its teachings. The Book of Genesis tells us about Adam and Eve’s time in the Garden of Eden, but not their saga after they get kicked out or the lessons they have for us about good and evil.
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4 out of 5 stars
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Good content, rather poor presentation by narrator
- De J_T en 12-28-16
De: Joel M. Hoffman
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The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross
- A Study of the Nature and Origins of Christianity Within the Fertility Cults of the Ancient Near East
- De: John M. Allegro
- Narrado por: Martyn Swain
- Duración: 10 h y 33 m
- Versión completa
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General4 out of 5 stars 229
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Narración:4 out of 5 stars 194
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Historia4 out of 5 stars 194
Where did God come from? What do the bible stories really tell us? Who or what was Jesus Christ? This audiobook challenges everything we think we know about the nature of religion.
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1 out of 5 stars
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Hated it,
- De Troy Sunde en 12-22-22
De: John M. Allegro
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Creating Christ
- How Roman Emperors Invented Christianity
- De: James S. Valliant, C. W. Fahy
- Narrado por: Chris MacDonnell
- Duración: 11 h y 34 m
- Versión completa
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General4.5 out of 5 stars 206
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Narración:4.5 out of 5 stars 186
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Historia4.5 out of 5 stars 186
This explosive work of history unearths clues that finally demonstrate the truth about one of the world's great religions: that it was born out of the conflict between the Romans and messianic Jews who fought a bitter war with each other during the first century. The Romans employed a tactic they routinely used to conquer and absorb other nations: they grafted their imperial rule onto the religion of the conquered.
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5 out of 5 stars
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life is one big lie
- De Anonymous User en 12-25-19
De: James S. Valliant, y otros
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Primitive Mythology
- The Masks of God Series, Volume I
- De: Joseph Campbell, David Kudler - editor
- Narrado por: Arthur Morey
- Duración: 19 h y 1 m
- Versión completa
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General4.5 out of 5 stars 147
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Narración:4.5 out of 5 stars 124
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Historia4.5 out of 5 stars 124
The author of such acclaimed books as The Hero With a Thousand Faces and The Power of Myth discusses the primitive roots of mythology, examining them in light of the most recent discoveries in archaeology, anthropology, and psychology.
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5 out of 5 stars
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Epic speculation into the origins of our mythic consciousness
- De BGZ en 01-10-19
De: Joseph Campbell, y otros
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The Alphabet Versus the Goddess
- The Conflict Between Word and Image
- De: Leonard Shlain
- Narrado por: Norman Dietz
- Duración: 24 h y 5 m
- Versión completa
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General4.5 out of 5 stars 118
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Narración:4 out of 5 stars 100
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Historia4.5 out of 5 stars 100
Who changed the sex of God? This groundbreaking book proposes that the rise of alphabetic literacy reconfigured the human brain and brought about profound changes in history, religion, and gender relations. Making remarkable connections across brain function, myth, and anthropology, Dr. Shlain shows why pre-literate cultures were principally informed by holistic, right-brain modes that venerated the Goddess, images, and feminine values.
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1 out of 5 stars
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Can't Even Get Started
- De Marie en 02-08-19
De: Leonard Shlain
Las personas que vieron esto también vieron...
-
The Evil Creator
- Origins of an Early Christian Idea
- De: M. David Litwa
- Narrado por: Ben Henri
- Duración: 4 h y 29 m
- Versión completa
-
General5 out of 5 stars 15
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Narración:4.5 out of 5 stars 15
-
Historia5 out of 5 stars 15
This book examines the origins of the evil creator idea chiefly in light of early Christian biblical interpretations. It is divided into two parts. In Part I, the focus is on the interpretations of Exodus and John. Firstly, ancient Egyptian assimilation of the Jewish god to the evil deity Seth-Typhon is studied to understand its reapplication by Phibionite and Sethian Christians to the Judeo-catholic creator. Secondly, the Christian reception of John 8:44 (understood to refer to the devil's father) is shown to implicate the Judeo-catholic creator in murdering Christ.
-
5 out of 5 stars
-
The lost History of a different Christian theology
- De Alexander en 12-15-24
De: M. David Litwa
-
Desiring Divinity
- Self-Deification in Early Jewish and Christian Mythmaking
- De: M. David Litwa
- Narrado por: Jason Pflug
- Duración: 6 h y 42 m
- Versión completa
-
General4.5 out of 5 stars 4
-
Narración:5 out of 5 stars 4
-
Historia4.5 out of 5 stars 4
Perhaps no declaration incites more theological and moral outrage than a human's claim to be divine. Those who make this claim in ancient Jewish and Christian mythology are typically represented as the most hubristic and dangerous tyrants. Their horrible punishments are predictable and still serve as morality tales in religious communities today. But not all self-deifiers are saddled with pride and fated to fall.
-
5 out of 5 stars
-
Exclusive content and very informative
- De Anonymous User en 09-13-24
De: M. David Litwa
-
Late Revelations
- Rediscovering the Gospels in the Second Century CE
- De: M. David Litwa
- Narrado por: Lenard A Liebe
- Duración: 2 h y 39 m
- Versión completa
-
General5 out of 5 stars 4
-
Narración:5 out of 5 stars 4
-
Historia5 out of 5 stars 4
Late Revelations introduces a revolutionary model for understanding the creation of the gospels in the New Testament and beyond. Rather than viewing the gospels as static and finished works published at one time, this book proposes that the initial gospels were "waves" of rolling traditions—stories, teachings, and sayings that evolved within early Christian groups. These traditions were fluid and dynamic, initially lacking the apostolic authorship attributed to them by later generations.
-
5 out of 5 stars
-
History
- De Gary G. Mckirchy en 08-23-24
De: M. David Litwa
-
Posthuman Transformation in Ancient Mediterranean Thought
- Becoming Angels and Demons
- De: M. David Litwa
- Narrado por: Lisa Statler
- Duración: 5 h y 16 m
- Versión completa
-
General5 out of 5 stars 1
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Narración:5 out of 5 stars 1
-
Historia5 out of 5 stars 1
There is not just a desire but a profound human need for enhancement - the irrepressible yearning to become better than ourselves. Today, enhancement is often conceived of in terms of biotechnical intervention: genetic modification, prostheses, implants, drug therapy - even mind uploading. The theme of this book is an ancient form of enhancement: a physical upgrade that involves ethical practices of self-realization. It has been called 'angelification' - a transformation by which people become angels.
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5 out of 5 stars
-
Best Read This Year!
- De Travis Wade Zinn en 09-26-24
De: M. David Litwa
-
Early Christianity in Alexandria
- From Its Beginnings to the Late Second Century
- De: M. David Litwa
- Narrado por: George Ellington
- Duración: 6 h y 1 m
- Versión completa
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General4.5 out of 5 stars 3
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Narración:4.5 out of 5 stars 3
-
Historia5 out of 5 stars 3
Alexandria was the epicenter of Hellenic learning in the ancient Mediterranean world, yet little is known about how Christianity arrived and developed in the city during the late first and early second century CE. In this volume, M. David Litwa employs underused data from the Nag Hammadi codices and early Christian writings to open up new vistas on the creative theologians who invented Christianities in Alexandria prior to Origen and the catechetical school of the third century.
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5 out of 5 stars
-
Amazing
- De James en 09-16-24
De: M. David Litwa
-
The Naassenes
- Exploring an Early Christian Identity
- De: M. David Litwa
- Narrado por: Jason Pflug
- Duración: 6 h y 1 m
- Versión completa
-
General0 out of 5 stars 0
-
Narración:0 out of 5 stars 0
-
Historia0 out of 5 stars 0
This volume offers an accessible investigation of the Naassene discourse embedded in the anonymous Refutation of All Heresies (completed about 222 CE), in order to understand the theology and ritual life of the Naassene Christian movement in the late second and early third centuries CE. The work provides basic data on the date, genre, and provenance of the Naassene discourse as summarized by the author of the Refutation (or Refutator).
De: M. David Litwa
-
The Evil Creator
- Origins of an Early Christian Idea
- De: M. David Litwa
- Narrado por: Ben Henri
- Duración: 4 h y 29 m
- Versión completa
-
General5 out of 5 stars 15
-
Narración:4.5 out of 5 stars 15
-
Historia5 out of 5 stars 15
This book examines the origins of the evil creator idea chiefly in light of early Christian biblical interpretations. It is divided into two parts. In Part I, the focus is on the interpretations of Exodus and John. Firstly, ancient Egyptian assimilation of the Jewish god to the evil deity Seth-Typhon is studied to understand its reapplication by Phibionite and Sethian Christians to the Judeo-catholic creator. Secondly, the Christian reception of John 8:44 (understood to refer to the devil's father) is shown to implicate the Judeo-catholic creator in murdering Christ.
-
5 out of 5 stars
-
The lost History of a different Christian theology
- De Alexander en 12-15-24
De: M. David Litwa
-
Desiring Divinity
- Self-Deification in Early Jewish and Christian Mythmaking
- De: M. David Litwa
- Narrado por: Jason Pflug
- Duración: 6 h y 42 m
- Versión completa
-
General4.5 out of 5 stars 4
-
Narración:5 out of 5 stars 4
-
Historia4.5 out of 5 stars 4
Perhaps no declaration incites more theological and moral outrage than a human's claim to be divine. Those who make this claim in ancient Jewish and Christian mythology are typically represented as the most hubristic and dangerous tyrants. Their horrible punishments are predictable and still serve as morality tales in religious communities today. But not all self-deifiers are saddled with pride and fated to fall.
-
5 out of 5 stars
-
Exclusive content and very informative
- De Anonymous User en 09-13-24
De: M. David Litwa
-
Late Revelations
- Rediscovering the Gospels in the Second Century CE
- De: M. David Litwa
- Narrado por: Lenard A Liebe
- Duración: 2 h y 39 m
- Versión completa
-
General5 out of 5 stars 4
-
Narración:5 out of 5 stars 4
-
Historia5 out of 5 stars 4
Late Revelations introduces a revolutionary model for understanding the creation of the gospels in the New Testament and beyond. Rather than viewing the gospels as static and finished works published at one time, this book proposes that the initial gospels were "waves" of rolling traditions—stories, teachings, and sayings that evolved within early Christian groups. These traditions were fluid and dynamic, initially lacking the apostolic authorship attributed to them by later generations.
-
5 out of 5 stars
-
History
- De Gary G. Mckirchy en 08-23-24
De: M. David Litwa
-
Posthuman Transformation in Ancient Mediterranean Thought
- Becoming Angels and Demons
- De: M. David Litwa
- Narrado por: Lisa Statler
- Duración: 5 h y 16 m
- Versión completa
-
General5 out of 5 stars 1
-
Narración:5 out of 5 stars 1
-
Historia5 out of 5 stars 1
There is not just a desire but a profound human need for enhancement - the irrepressible yearning to become better than ourselves. Today, enhancement is often conceived of in terms of biotechnical intervention: genetic modification, prostheses, implants, drug therapy - even mind uploading. The theme of this book is an ancient form of enhancement: a physical upgrade that involves ethical practices of self-realization. It has been called 'angelification' - a transformation by which people become angels.
-
5 out of 5 stars
-
Best Read This Year!
- De Travis Wade Zinn en 09-26-24
De: M. David Litwa
-
Early Christianity in Alexandria
- From Its Beginnings to the Late Second Century
- De: M. David Litwa
- Narrado por: George Ellington
- Duración: 6 h y 1 m
- Versión completa
-
General4.5 out of 5 stars 3
-
Narración:4.5 out of 5 stars 3
-
Historia5 out of 5 stars 3
Alexandria was the epicenter of Hellenic learning in the ancient Mediterranean world, yet little is known about how Christianity arrived and developed in the city during the late first and early second century CE. In this volume, M. David Litwa employs underused data from the Nag Hammadi codices and early Christian writings to open up new vistas on the creative theologians who invented Christianities in Alexandria prior to Origen and the catechetical school of the third century.
-
5 out of 5 stars
-
Amazing
- De James en 09-16-24
De: M. David Litwa
-
The Naassenes
- Exploring an Early Christian Identity
- De: M. David Litwa
- Narrado por: Jason Pflug
- Duración: 6 h y 1 m
- Versión completa
-
General0 out of 5 stars 0
-
Narración:0 out of 5 stars 0
-
Historia0 out of 5 stars 0
This volume offers an accessible investigation of the Naassene discourse embedded in the anonymous Refutation of All Heresies (completed about 222 CE), in order to understand the theology and ritual life of the Naassene Christian movement in the late second and early third centuries CE. The work provides basic data on the date, genre, and provenance of the Naassene discourse as summarized by the author of the Refutation (or Refutator).
De: M. David Litwa
Lo que los oyentes dicen sobre How the Gospels Became History
Calificaciones medias de los clientesReseñas - Selecciona las pestañas a continuación para cambiar el origen de las reseñas.
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Total5 out of 5 stars
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Ejecución5 out of 5 stars
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Historia5 out of 5 stars
- J
- 07-19-24
Fantastic work by Dr. Litwa
This is an amazing scholarly review of the early works of Christianity. Dr. Litwa's work is groundbreaking and advances the field in a unique way. I highly recommend this for any fans of Ancient History!
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Total5 out of 5 stars
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Ejecución5 out of 5 stars
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Historia5 out of 5 stars
- Wintertao
- 08-12-23
Fun all 'round
Very entertaining and informative, I love the way Litwa makes observations and brings up points most do not see. I've been reading Philosophy, History, and books on Christianity since the early 70's at GSU in ATL and I always learn new things from his work.
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Total5 out of 5 stars
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Ejecución5 out of 5 stars
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Historia5 out of 5 stars
- Shahid
- 08-06-23
Excellent scholarly discussion
Excited to have Litwa's work in audiobook format. would love to have his other titles here as well.
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