Madison’s Federalist Paper No. 40, "The Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained," examines the authority of the Constitutional Convention and the expectations surrounding the United States Constitution. 

Morgan Zegers and Connor Clegg explain how the Constitution was just a piece of paper that didn’t mean anything until the states decided to ratify it. People were opposed to governmental revision due to their preexisting expectations and rules. Connor compares the Articles of Confederation to a broken foundation: one cannot build on it. The broken foundation needs to be gutted and rebuilt in order to support the structure. The Constitution equips the government with tools and principles to successfully sustain a prosperous country. People need to step up and have ‘manly confidence’ when it comes to supporting the Constitution. 

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Madison’s Federalist Paper No. 39, "The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles," defines a true republic, explains why the proposed Constitution is a republic, and discusses how the United States is both a national and a federal government. 

Morgan Zegers and Connor Clegg explain how a republic is a government of the people, where the citizens of the country hold the power. Throughout history, the term ‘republic’ has been skewed into either a type of oligarchy, where nobles and elites rule the country, or into a direct democracy, which is not an ideal form of government. History repeats itself, even in America. Connor calls for the need to establish national identity amongst Americans. Morgan and Connor discuss how the states are sovereign. The states created the federal government; the federal government did not create the states. 

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Madison’s Federalist Paper No. 38, "The Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of the Objections to the New Plan Exposed," argues that despite the objections to the Constitution, it is still a much needed and huge improvement to the Articles of Confederation. 

Morgan Zegers and Connor Clegg explain how America’s form of government is unique. Throughout history, the different forms of government were generally a single person’s idea that an entire country adopted. The founders wanted America to be the people’s government; thus, multiple minds came together to create a new, more perfect form of government. Under the Articles of Confederation, America was dying - like a patient afflicted with a sickness; therefore, the Constitution was an essential treatment and solution. 

Join Morgan Zegers weekly on Freedom Papers for a conversation that focuses on the necessity of America's most important manuscripts and the debates surrounding them!

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