Episodios

  • “Hot Virus Summer”: The Next Pandemic
    Jul 15 2024
    It’s our 100th episode folks, and we are celebrating the only way we know how – by sharing our predictions of the grim, apocalyptic future that surely awaits us if we fail to get our healthcare system together! That’s right, we’re talking about the next pandemic, and if experts are right, it’s coming sooner than we think. In addition to several somewhat less familiar pathogens on the rise this summer, COVID is back, and this time it’s FLiRTy. Today we’ll go into some of the outbreaks currently threatening to explode into our next global disaster and explore how prepared our for-profit healthcare system is to keep us safe. Spoiler: It isn’t. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErXbxe4U-QQ Show Notes This emerging new pandemic situation is pretty serious, and more people should be taking it seriously. Forbes healthcare reporter Alex Knapp called this: “Hot Virus Summer.” First, COVID is up! Again! It’s important to point out that COVID never really left – in 2023 75,000 people died from COVID 19, nearly 1 million were hospitalized, and plenty of people are still suffering from Long COVID. Now we have the new FLiRT variants — sexy! There are almost 34,000 new cases per week globally. Next up: Bird Flu, which has historically tended to infect birds, is evolving and has begun to infect mammals. For now, that mostly means livestock – so far 129 dairy herds in 12 US states. As far as animals are concerned this is already a pandemic – it’s impacting industries all over the world and could cause shortages of meat and dairy. You may be panicking: IS OUR CHEESE SAFE? Don’t worry, most commercially available dairy products are pasteurized, which kills the virus. There have, however, been three cases of the virus in humans reported in the US. Around the world, more than 50% of people infected with Bird Flu die from the virus. All three of those people in the US worked on farms in direct contact with birds and livestock, and right now the CDC is just limiting their warnings about Bird Flu to folks who also work in close contact with animals. BUT, scientists are warning that at any time the virus could mutate and become transmissible between humans, at which point, we would be facing epic disaster. How likely is that to happen? In August 2023, Dr. Michael Greger said of Bird Flu, "The question is not if, but when.” In addition to COVID and Bird Flu, Mpox (fka Monkey Pox) is having another moment, as is West Nile Virus, so there are a lot of ingredients in the virus stew we’re cooking. So the best indicator of future outcomes is to look at how we’ve fared in similar situations in the past. Luckily (or not), the 2020 COVID outbreak is still fresh in some of our minds. You may remember that we, as a country, were not particularly well-prepared. For one, our profit-driven healthcare system creates disparities of access and care, which were exacerbated by the pandemic. Also, we don’t have a truly cohesive public health program in this country. Health departments in various counties, municipalities, and states work largely independently of each other, so there was little to no coordination on surveillance and testing. We had to rely on private companies for important preventative measures like PPE and, most notably, vaccines (the research and development for which were PUBLICLY FUNDED with our tax dollars.) During pandemics, a lot of people stopped going to healthcare facilities for elective procedures and surgeries - the real moneymakers for the for-profit healthcare system. That led to layoffs of staff at the same time that patients who desperately needed care struggled to get it. In countries with a national health system, hospitals don’t lose money if people stop going; they have a fixed amount to cover the operating expenses based on past history. So you don’t see mass layoffs and shrinking of the healthcare workforce when they are most needed. So if we were to do the whole pandemic over again...
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    38 m
  • The View from Capitol Hill: A Very Special Conference Episode
    Jun 17 2024
    It's the most wonderful time of the year! For activists in the movement to make Medicare for All a reality, this is the week when we gather to plot, scheme, and kvetch. Welcome to the 2024 Annual Medicare for All Strategy Conference, “Healthcare Beyond the Ballot Box,” organized by Healthcare NOW! For those of you who are attending the conference right now, you are getting a sneak preview of our Very Special Conference Episode! Since our theme this year is about what happens to Medicare for All in an election year — and beyond — we wanted to invite some of our favorite policy people with their fingers on the pulse of what’s happening in DC to help us sort out what’s happening with healthcare on Capitol Hill and what role we can play to get some justice out of DC in the coming year! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n36v0eTV1a8&t=1167s powerpress Our guests are Eagan Kemp and Alex Lawson. Eagan Kemp is the health care policy advocate for Public Citizen’s Congress Watch division. He is an expert in health care policy and served as a senior analyst at the U.S. Government Accountability Office prior to coming to Public Citizen. Alex Lawson is the Executive Director of Social Security Works, the convening member of the Strengthen Social Security Coalition— a coalition made up of over 340 national and state organizations representing over 50 million Americans. Show Notes With one of our major candidates being a guy who is solidly against Medicare for All and the other being Trump, is 2024 a bad federal election cycle, or the worst federal election of our lifetime, and why? Alex puts a positive spin on it: we are closer to M4A with a Biden presidency than any other Democratic presidency. He's definitely not a M4A guy, but all his other economic policies are based on Sanders-esque populism, rather than Obama-esque neo-liberalism. We've seen Biden enact serious corporate reform in several sectors, and in a second Biden administration, taking on corporate greed and sociopathy in health insurance is on the agenda. On the other hand, we know exactly what's at stake with another Trump presidency, driven entirely by profit for his billionaire friends. Eagan notes that there has been movement on Medicare in recent years, including die-hard GOPs shying away from talking about cuts to Medicare until after the election. At the same time, we're seeing Biden moving more toward the M4A movement and the folks trying to expand and improve traditional Medicare. We're seeing insurance companies running scared, feeling the pressure from our movement in a way they haven't before. Alex notes that Biden's economic vision contains a lot that Medicare for All folks can work with. Our movement worked hard to expand Medicare to include vision, hearing, and dental, which was ultimately included in Biden's Build Back Better plan. We didn't get that, but we did get prescription drug negotiations, which is a huge part of improving Medicare before we expand it to everyone. (Go back and listen to another episode where we were joined by Alex to discuss prescription drug negotiations for more details.) We've also seen a lot of good work against Medicare privatization, via Medicare Advantage, and that solidarity has moved the ball a lot - more than ever before to restrain private insurance companies. We didn't just give up when we knew Biden wouldn't sign M4A; we pivoted to expanding benefits and reversing the privatization with a lot of success. Eagan found a silver lining in - of all places - the subject of private equity in healthcare. He thinks we've passed the peak of PE ravaging healthcare, and they are now backing off the healthcare sector in part because of increased pressure from the DOJ, FTC and HHS. That's due to pressure from doctors, patients, and whistleblowers. Eagan also notes that the Trump administration pilot of throwing seniors in traditional Medicare into private relationships with providers.
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  • Dude, Where’s My Union Health Plan?
    May 6 2024
    We are in the middle of a resurgence of organized labor in the US. From Amazon workers to auto workers and grad students to baristas at Starbucks, everyone is getting in on the action! One of the big reasons workers are so hot to get that union card is because of… you guessed it, healthcare! Today we’re going to be talking union healthcare plans – how they work and how workers have managed to use collective bargaining to resist the national erosion of healthcare access. Most importantly, we’re going to take a deep dive into why, even with better healthcare, unions have been leaders in the fight for Medicare for All, and how they might save the rest of us from corporate healthcare hell. Our guest Jim McGee has spent his entire career working in union health benefits, starting with the Plumbers and Pipefitters local he belonged to in Harrisburg Pennsylvania. For the past 20 years, he has been the administrator of the health benefits plan for Amalgamated Transit Union Local 689. He’s on the steering committee for the labor campaign for single payer healthcare, and he’s joining us today from Bethesda, MD. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNFBkHBrpUY Show Notes Jim educates us on the two types of union health plans: Unionized workers with a single employer (think nurses or teachers) earn employer-sponsored health benefits much like unorganized workplaces, but the cost and benefit sets of those plans can be negotiated if the workforce is unionized. Taft-Hartley plans are multiemployer plans that are jointly managed by multiple companies and the union within the same industry. The workers pay while they're working to have health insurance when they're not. Taft Hartleys exist in industries where there's a lot of turnover, like the building trades. A worker may have many different employers and many periods of unemployment over their careers. Typically both those options sound a lot better than what your average non-union worker is getting from their employer, though they are still subject to same rising costs and economic pressures as every other health insurance plan. Given that union members are more likely to have health coverage than non-union workers, it’s interesting that unions have been at the forefront of the movement for Medicare for all. Many unions come from a rich progressive tradition that looks past the short term to the long term value of guaranteed healthcare for all workers. Jim also shares that the unions that are more exposed to competitive pressure in their environment are more likely to be supportive of Medicare for All. This is especially evident in less urban areas where locals are facing more non-union competition. Jim notes that throughout his career, healthcare has been #1 cause of strikes. Taking it off the table would not only benefit the workers, it would benefit their entire community. Small businesses and non-union employers that offer poorer or no healthcare benefits to their employees often stay afloat on the backs of the unionized employers in their community that do offer good health benefits; this is an inquitable and unsustainable system. Speaking of strikes, graduate student workers at Boston University are on strike right now over healthcare benefits among other things. Not only would Medicare for All take health insurance off the negotiating table (making more room for workers to bargain for pay, safety and other benefits), it would take away a the ability of employers to weaponize health insurance to break strikes; solidarity can crumble quickly when the employer stops paying those premiums at the first of the month. Follow and Support the Pod! Don’t forget to like this episode and subscribe to The Medicare for All Podcast on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, or your favorite podcast platform! This show is a project of the Healthcare NOW Education Fund! If you want to support our work, you can donate at our website, healthcare-now.org.
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    43 m
  • Mental Health & For-Profit Insurance: A Deadly Combo
    Apr 7 2024
    The U.S. is wrestling with a massive mental health crisis - impacting young people in particular. Half of young adults and one-third of all adults report that they always feel anxious or have often felt anxiety in the past year. One-third of respondents could not get the mental health services they needed. Why? 80% say they couldn’t afford the cost and more than 60% said that shame and stigma kept them away. The shortage of mental health providers also means that care can be very hard to find, even when we try hard to find it. Usually on the Medicare for All Podcast, we focus on the stories we think you need to know about. Today we decided to scrap the show and come up with a plan to get an hour of free therapy!* (*Not really. None of this information is intended as medical advice.) Our guests today are Dr. Pamela Fullerton and Lindsay Baish. Lindsay is a therapist and an Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in Illinois and a certified trauma professional – and former volunteer for the podcast. Dr. Pamela Fullerton, Ph.D., is the founder and clinical director of Advocacy & Education Consulting, a counseling and consulting organization dedicated to ensuring social justice and advocacy through equitable access to mental health and well-being services. She is a Latina bilingual Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP), a Certified Dialectical Behavior Therapy professional (C-DBT), a Certified Clinical Anxiety Treatment Professional (CCATP), a Certified Grief Informed Professional (CGP), and a clinical supervisor and consultant specializing in working with BIPOC communities, undocumented communities, immigration and acculturation, trauma, anxiety, life transitions, and career counseling. In addition to being a professional writer and speaker, Dr. Fullerton is an adjunct instructor in the Counselor Education department at Northeastern Illinois University. She is also a volunteer contributing writer for three publications and runs a nonprofit to support Latinx youth in the Chicagoland area. Dr. Fullerton consults for two behavioral health advisory boards, Sinai Urban Health Institute (SUHI) and Illinois Unidos/Latino Policy Forum, providing advice and input to assist in promoting health equity and justice initiatives for underserved communities in Illinois. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGql7_NXhts Show Notes Pam tells us that counselling is a subset of psychiatry and psychology that started as a movement for career development for veterans returning from war. The profession started helping people through life transitions puts people and their lives and livelihoods at the center. Lindsay notes that a lot of the language of mental healthcare is used interchangeably, but there are distinctions: psychologists have PhDs and can provide therapists; psychiatrists have MDs and can prescribe medications. Counselors and therapists can diagnose but not prescribe. Congress passed the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act in 2008 to prevent insurers from providing worse coverage for mental health than they do for medical or surgical treatment. However, mental health providers are not usually treated the same as medical doctors when it comes to insurance coverage and payments. Historically, counselors are the newest mental health clinicians on the scene and are more limited by insurers than more established clinicians like social workers or psychologists. Insurers often only reimburse for certain therapeutic models of care (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, for example) leaving other kinds of counseling uncovered in the midst of a crisis in mental healthcare. Pam tells us that a big part of her job is the extra work to navigate her patients' insurance plans, Medicare and Medicaid in order to get coverage for their care. Most Americans can't afford to pay out of pocket for mental healthcare. Counselors just got approved for Medicare reimbursement on January 1, 2024,
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    59 m
  • Cyberattacks, Messaging Wars, and the Capitalist Hellscape
    Apr 1 2024
    We hear it over and over again – the private sector just does it better. Whether we’re talking education or healthcare or our criminal justice system, the default Republican (and sometimes Democratic) talking point is that competition in the marketplace allows the best ideas and best people (Elon Musk, lookin at you) to rise to the top and lead us to a utopian future (sponsored by Meta). But then something wild happens like the cyberattack on UnitedHealthcare, which is causing massive fallout throughout our healthcare system over the past two weeks – so much so, that the company appears to have paid a 22 million dollar ransom to the hackers who breached their system and now the federal department of Health and Human Services has had to bail them out. That kind of thing really makes you question how anyone is still making the argument that the private sector has this shit handled. This episode, we’re bringing in special guest and political messaging expert Jordan Berg Powers to talk about how we talk about all of this stuff: public healthcare, private corporations, and how to message our way out of the corporate hellscape in which we currently find ourselves! Jordan Berg Powers is a consultant and the former director of Mass Alliance. Most importantly, he is coming up on 30 YEARS of experience in campaigning and organizing for progressive causes and candidates. Jordan is a return guest to the podcast, first appearing in our My Big Fat American Healthcare episode. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6QvGQja1N8 Show Notes UnitedHealthcare debacle is a little bit fun for us because we get to talk about the failures of a really shitty company, but like any healthcare debacle, there are some serious consequences. What happened here, and what does the UnitedHealth scandal look like for folks on the ground? Starting on February 21, a group of hackers breached “Change Healthcare,” which is the largest electronic medical records and medical claims processing platform in the country. About half of all Americans’ health insurance claims pass through Change Healthcare, which was bought two years ago by UnitedHealthcare, the largest health insurer in the country. Following the hack, Change Healthcare shut down its entire network, leading to complete mayhem in the healthcare system, which is still ongoing: “Hospitals have been unable to check insurance benefits of in-patient stays, handle the prior authorizations needed for patient procedures and surgeries or process billing that pays for medical services. Pharmacies have struggled to determine how much to charge patients for prescriptions without access to their health insurance records, forcing some to pay for costly medications out of pocket with cash, with others unable to afford the costs.” (source) This has led to a financial crisis for many hospitals, health clinics, physicians, and pharmacies, none of whom can be reimbursed for the care they’re providing, since they can’t submit medical claims. Provider associations are losing their shit, and the federal government has had to intervene to try to bail providers out in the meantime. The story keeps getting crazier and juicier: apparently UnitedHealthcare made a ransom payment of $22 million to the hackers who breached their system using BitCoin (source) - p.s. those are our healthcare premium dollars hard at work Russian hackers may now have access to almost half the country’s medical records. I’m sure that won’t come back to haunt anyone in the years to come! As much as we’d love to dwell on the UnitedHealthcare scandal that is unfolding, this incident really got us thinking about the broader debate over distrust of government, hatred of taxes, and bipartisan worship of market-based solutions. Jordan explains the false dichotomy of government vs marketplace, public vs private; there is no marketplace without government. The question is,
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    42 m
  • The Battle of the Letters: Medicare Advantage
    Mar 10 2024
    Occasional fistfights aside, most of our legislators make the choice to use their words when they’re angry, and a lot of those words go into public letters they write to presidents, officials, and even each other. Despite the fact that no one else in this country has written or read a letter in decades, the public comment letter is still popular with politicians, who have elevated this obscure literary genre to a competitive sport, using these letters to demonstrate their power, build alliances, and shape policy. Today we’re going to focus on one ongoing battle of letters over one of our favorite topics: the privatization of Medicare through a program known as Medicare Advantage. We’ll talk about how all the players in the debate about Medicare Advantage are engaging in that battle, and how it could impact our access to healthcare! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MmM6HrIiS8o Show Notes We've recorded a bunch of episodes about Medicare Advantage! Medicare Advantage was created as a private, for-profit alternative to traditional (or public) Medicare, was the promise of lower costs… which never happened. Surprise: Medicare Advantage plans are FAR more expensive to taxpayers than traditional Medicare for covering the same person, costing taxpayers $7 billion more per year than if everyone were just covered by traditional Medicare. (source) It’s the healthcare Joe Namath, Jimmy JJ Walker, and Big Papi are selling to seniors with big promises of coverage for vision and dental care, transportation, groceries, and more – for $0 premiums. Free shit! Private companies drain public money to provide generally substandard insurance. These companies are exploiting a legit problem in Medicare, where many seniors are forced to pay premiums for medigap plans to cover stuff like chewing and seeing. If you can’t afford the premiums for Medigap coverage, but you need to chew or see, you might be forced into an Medicare Advantage plan just because that’s what you can afford month-to-month. And that could be fine… until you need care and find out that the copays and deductibles are too high, there are super limited networks, or the insurance company refuses to pre-authorize your treatment. But many of these MA plans don’t come through on their wild promises, and in fact, seniors end up being pushed out of MA and back into original Medicare when they are sick and actually need care. Private insurance companies love collecting money,but they hate paying money for the service they’re supposed to provide. Go figure! We put out a report about this! Taking Advantage Who's Who? AHIP: “America’s Health Insurance Providers” is the trade organization for the health insurance industry. Unsurprisingly, they are big proponents of Medicare Advantage. AHIP has written their own comment letters to CMS (the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services) advocating for expansions to the MA program since at least 2015. Lately they also began coordinating their besties in the House and the Senate to write letters on their behalf. They claim that Medicare Advantage will expand the program to more seniors, and present some of their own research: MA will bring more money into the Medicare system… because MA plan holders use less care. (nothing to brag about!) MA is serving a diverse populatio “As of 2021, approximately 59% of Hispanic or Latino/a individuals and 57% of Black individuals eligible for Medicare choose Medicare Advantage plans. Overall, 54% of Medicare beneficiaries who belong to diverse populations choose Medicare Advantage.” Turns out if you set out to exploit a diverse demographic of people, you can! In 2021, 70 members of congress signed "dear colleague" letter, initated by initiated by Reps. Val Demings (D-FL), Mike Gallagher (R-WI), Marc Veasey (D-TX), and Gus Bilirakis (R-FL). In 2023 – 60 Senate signers – a good example of how this is insidiously bipartisan,
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    42 m
  • Hospital Merger Mania!
    Feb 20 2024
    Here at the Medicare for All Podcast, we love calling out all the bad actors in our healthcare system – greedy insurance companies, soul-less CEOs in Big Pharma,profit-hungry “non-profit hospitals”, and all our favorite villains. Mostly, we look at the ways those predators target sick people and poor people for exploitation, but today we’re looking at what happens when they start fighting each other for a bigger piece of the pie? Specifically, we’re going to explore the world of hospital consolidation – that’s when smaller hospitals merge to form bigger corporate entities who can battle it out with insurance companies to secure more of patients’ healthcare dollars! What does hospital consolidation mean for regular people? No spoilers, but it turns out that when giant healthcare monsters go at each other, much like when Godzilla took on Mothra, it’s the rest of us tiny humans who suffer! https://www.youtube.com/live/LXBGMk8HEE8?si=9cIQ6G9wkwMSYLrZ Show Notes Like every major industry in this country, healthcare is full of big corporations that will stop at nothing to get bigger, using the time-honored capitalist techniques of mergers and acquisitions to become HUGE corporations. But, of course, we live in America, where bigger is always better – what could possibly be wrong with bigger, better healthcare companies? We start out this episode with a cautionary tale from Massachusetts that began in 1994, when two of Boston’s biggest hospitals merge to create a mega-corporation called “Partners Health,” which over the next two decades bought up… everything. This was a response to a national wave of insurance company mergers and consolidations, which allowed insurers to squeeze both patients and providers under “managed care.” Hospitals, not wanting to be out-squeezed, fought back with their own mergers, ostensibly so they could negotiate with insurance companies. Of course, what actually happened was something much more nefarious – and secretive. In fact, we only know any of this happened thanks to the Boston Globe’s illustrious Spotlight reporting team, who dug up the truth in a 2008 article. Basically, in 2000, Dr. Samuel O. Thier, chief executive of Partners HealthCare, and William C. Van Faasen, chief executive of Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts engaged in an unwritten agreement between the two entities without putting it in writing to avoid legal implications. The agreement involved Blue Cross Blue Shield giving significant payment increases to Partners' doctors and hospitals, and in return, Partners would protect Blue Cross from allowing other insurers to pay less, effectively raising insurance prices statewide. This "market covenant" marked the beginning of a period of rapid escalation in Massachusetts insurance prices, leading to a significant annual rise in individual insurance premiums. Partners used its clout to negotiate rate increases, pressuring other insurers to match or exceed the payment increases given by Blue Cross, leading to cost increases for consumers. In turn, Partners' significant growth and influence in the healthcare industry compounded the impact of this backroom deal, leading to a substantial rise in medical costs in Massachusetts. Partners employed aggressive tactics, resulting in major payment increases benefiting a few powerful hospital companies while leaving others behind. This led to significant payment disparities, with Partners' flagship hospitals earning substantially more than other academic medical centers. Partners is an outstanding example of the evils of hospital consolidation, but it’s not an anomaly. This episode was originally inspired by our friends at the Minnesota Nurses Association (shout out to Geri Katz), who last year were fighting a proposed merger of Fairview Health with Sanford Health, two giant corporations with dozens of hospitals and clinics. Fortunately, the nurses and MN patients won this fight - merger talks were abandon...
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  • Racial Equity in Healthcare
    Jan 22 2024
    Just this Monday, we celebrated Martin Luther King Day, a tribute to one of the great leaders of the movement for racial justice – but something that often gets forgotten in the flurry of MLK quotes that become memes this time of year is that equity in healthcare was a crucial part of King’s vision. Throughout his career in activism, he often stated his conviction that “Of all the forms of inequality, injustice in healthcare is the most shocking and inhuman.” Sadly, over 50 years after his death, racial inequity in healthcare is even more shocking and inhuman. Today, we’re joined by public health expert Walter Tsou to do a deep dive into the horrifying world of racial health injustice, how we got here, and how we make real change. https://www.youtube.com/live/yiq7TBVYc6g?si=QCbGU114cZviZe0G Show Notes The show is joined on MLK Day by Dr. Walter Tsou - past president of the American Public Health Association and former health commissioner of Philadelphia! Gillian asks how Walter dedicated his life to health access and health equity. When Walter graduated from med school he stumbled into a job at a public health clinic in West Philadelphia that treated patients lacking private insurance or the money to afford medications, which gave him his first window into the deep economic, racial, and health divides in the U.S. This launched his career in public health advocacy. Walter served as the Health Commissioner of Philadelphia from 2000 - 2002, and to him the most stark racial inequity he had to deal with was the gap in infant mortality - black infants at that time were 2.5 to 3 times as likely to die before reaching age 1 than white infants. Walter looked up the most recent statistics in preparation for the podcast, and the number had barely changed. The traditional way that states are pretending to do something about infant mortality is to create an Office of Equity contained inside their Department of Health that has maybe two staff people. To make a real difference in infant mortality, Walter says, you have to tackle the largest social determinants of health - education, job opportunities, housing, transportation, and so on. Two or four people in an Equity Office aren't going to make a difference - it's window dressing. On top of this, Walter says, the U.S. has abandoned most of its community health work, which was widespread under LBJ's Great Society programs after WWII, when community nurses would go into communities and address social determinants of health. Gillian backs up to share some of the big-picture distressing findings from the Commonwealth Fund's scorecard on racial equity in U.S. healthcare: Provisional life expectancy report released by the CDC in 2020 shows that Black and American Indian/Alaskan Native people live fewer years on average than white people (see data here) Black/AIAN individuals more susceptible to chronic diseases like diabetes, hypertension Higher rate of pregnancy related complications, higher infant mortality rate (see our episode on maternal health for more details) Poor healthcare outcomes are driven by higher poverty rates, higher-risk environments, less access to healthcare among communities of color Less likely to have health insurance, more likely to incur medical debt, more cost-related barriers to care, less preventative care These unequal health outcomes persist across all states in the U.S. Black women are more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer at later stages and to die from breast cancer than white women Uninsured rates are much higher in communities of color, particularly states that have not adopted Medicare expansion Black Medicare beneficiaries are more likely than white beneficiaries to be admitted to a hospital or to seek care in an emergency department for conditions typically manageable through good primary care Lower rates of vaccination - example - Black, AIAN,
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    53 m