In this final episode of Season 5, due diligence engineers Richard Robinson and Gaye Francis conclude their theme of difficult conversations engineers need to have as well as discuss Engineering for Communities.

They explore how engineering should focus on improving rather than maintaining the status quo, and the concerning trend of engineers being sidelined in critical decision-making processes.

The discussion includes:

• How councils and planning decisions have become "de-engineered"
• The importance of due diligence beyond just health and safety - extending to environmental protection and project management
• Why engineers seem to have "vacated the field" in many areas, leaving non-technical decision-makers to handle complex problems
• The need for validation, verification, and challenging assumptions rather than blindly applying Standards
• How proper due diligence can demonstrate governance and protect communities, workers, and the environment
• Due diligence is an ongoing process requiring continuous thinking and adaptation as technology and circumstances change.

The also discuss their confusion how anyone could they're a designers and not demonstrate due diligence irrespective of what the WHS/OHS legislation says and that they’re setting themselves up for a fall.

For further information on Richard and Gaye’s consulting work with R2A, head to https://www.r2a.com.au, where you’ll also find their booklets (store) and a sign-up for their quarterly newsletter to keep informed of their latest news and events.

Gaye is also founder of women’s safety workwear company Apto PPE if you’d like to check out the garments at https://www.aptoppe.com.au

In this episode of "Risk! Engineers Talk Governance," due diligence engineers Richard Robinson and Gaye Francis revisit the fundamentals of engineering due diligence in response to listener feedback about confusion between risk, assurance and diligence.

The discussion covers how R2A became specialised in due diligence engineering through their expert witness work, where they learned that due diligence serves as a defense against negligence with two key components: having reasonable control in place and taking all reasonable steps to protect against foreseeable harm.

Richard explains their decision to move away from quantified risk assessments using target risk levels, as this cannot adequately demonstrate due diligence. Instead, R2A advocates for a top-down approach that identifies critical issues, evaluates available controls, and determines what's reasonable in the circumstances.

They clarify that while due diligence obligations are explicitly stated for corporate officers in workplace safety legislation, all professional engineers have an implied duty to demonstrate due diligence as part of their professional responsibilities, and emphasise that simply following regulator approval doesn't guarantee protection from negligence claims. Engineers must take a holistic approach rather than relying solely on Standards or regulatory compliance.

The books they mention are:

• For Directors: Criminal Manslaughter, How Not To Do It https://www.r2a.com.au/store/p/r2a-criminal-manslaughter-directors-booklet

• For Engineers: Risk Management & Negligence; Due diligence Essentials for Engineers https://www.r2a.com.au/store/p/due-diligence-essentials-engineers-booklet

For further information on Richard and Gaye’s consulting work with R2A, head to https://www.r2a.com.au.

Gaye is also founder of women’s safety workwear company Apto PPE if you’d like to check out the garments at https://www.aptoppe.com.au

In this episode of Risk! Engineers Talk Governance, due diligence engineers Richard Robinson and Gaye Francis tackle the growing problem of organisational silos and their impact on due diligence and explore how siloed thinking undermines efforts across various domains—from safety, projects and regulatory compliance.

Drawing from decades of industry experience, Richard traces the evolution of risk engineering. They then discuss the need for integrating expertise across the entire organisation to achieve genuinely diligent solutions that satisfy all stakeholders.

Through real-world examples including waterfront safety designs in New Zealand and the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, they demonstrate how breaking down silos leads to better outcomes.

They also emphasise that while the R2A due diligence process isn't "rocket science," it requires structured thinking and inclusive facilitation to bring disparate perspectives together.

This episode refers to their previous discussion about being "relevant, reasoned and concise" (S5 Ep7), offering practical insights on how organisations can overcome the silo mentality to demonstrate due diligence across all operations.

For further information on Richard and Gaye’s consulting work with R2A, head to https://www.r2a.com.au.

Gaye is also founder of women’s safety workwear company Apto PPE if you’d like to check out the garments at https://www.aptoppe.com.au

In this episode of Risk! Engineers Talk Governance, due diligence engineers Richard Robinson and Gaye Francis discuss why effective due diligence arguments need to be relevant, reasoned, and concise.

They share their frustrations with overly complex safety documentation that fails to deliver clear, defensible arguments, and explain why safety cases should be brief yet comprehensive enough to stand up to legal scrutiny.

Drawing from their extensive experience as expert witnesses and consultants, they offer practical advice on creating effective safety documentation that not only satisfies the courts and makes sense to lawyers and Boards, but actually improves safety outcomes at optimal cost.

The episode starts with them explaining (following a question from their producer) how safety approaches shifted from target-based risk assessments to the SFAIRP (So Far As Is Reasonably Practicable) principles with the OHS Act in Victoria, and why it was necessary.

For further information on Richard and Gaye’s consulting work with R2A, head to https://www.r2a.com.au.

Gaye is also founder of women’s safety workwear company Apto PPE if you’d like to check out the garments at https://www.aptoppe.com.au

In this episode, of Risk! Engineers Talk Governance, due diligence engineers Richard Robinson and Gaye Francis revisit the distinction between SFAIRP (So Far As Is Reasonably Practicable) and Target Levels of Risk and Safety.

They explain how target levels of risk continue to be problematic in engineering despite being legally unsupportable under WHS/OHS legislation and share examples of regulators and engineers still using outdated approaches and discuss why this confusion persists, pointing to issues with Standards and educational institutions that continue teaching these methods.

They clarify that SFAIRP asks "Are all reasonable practical precautions in place?" while target based approaches rely solely on calculated risk levels. Through real-world examples including expert witness cases and engineering consultations, they demonstrate how the SFAIRP approach leads to better safety outcomes and alignment between stakeholders and warn engineers and organisations still using target levels of risk for safety issues.

This conversation follows their original discussion in Season 1 Episode 1: SFAIRP vs ALARP (listen at https://www.buzzsprout.com/admin/2180928/episodes/13021822-sfairp-vs-alarp-risk-engineers-talk-governance-podcast)

While the table they refer to is available in their Criminal Manslaughter – How Not To Do It booklet, available online at https://www.r2a.com.au/store/p/r2a-criminal-manslaughter-directors-booklet

Richard and Gaye also run public and in-house workshops on the topic.

For further information on Richard and Gaye’s consulting work with R2A, head to https://www.r2a.com.au.

Gaye is also founder of women’s safety workwear company Apto PPE if you’d like to check out the garments at https://www.aptoppe.com.au

In this episode of Risk! Engineers Talk Governance, due diligence engineering experts Richard Robinson and Gaye Francis discuss why Standards are not the solution.

They explore why following Standards can be problematic, outlining key issues:

1. Using Standards out of context;

2. There’s no explanation for rationales;

3. They don’t cover all things; and

4. They are often lagging indicators.

They share a number of examples within SIL, AS1940 and AS61508 that demonstrate the issues if you do blindly follow the Standard.

The episode concludes with their answer to an often asked question: If you don't design to Standards, how do Engineers design?

The text they mention is Engineering Due Diligence (Concepts, Applications, Tools & Techniques) that can be purchased online at https://www.r2a.com.au/store/p/r2a-engineering-due-diligence-textbook

For further information on Richard and Gaye’s consulting work with R2A, head to https://www.r2a.com.au.

Gaye is also founder of women’s safety workwear company Apto PPE if you’d like to check out the garments at https://www.aptoppe.com.au

In this episode of "Risk! Engineers Talk Governance," due diligence engineers Richard Robinson and Gaye Francis discuss Insurance Criteria and its history and modern relevance, particularly focusing on the Highly Protected Risk (HPR) engineering process.

Richard shares his experience training with Factory Mutual in the US and explains how the HPR approach originated in the 1840s with Zacharia Allen, a cotton mill owner who re-engineered his facility to minimise fire risks. When his insurance company refused to offer discounts for these improvements, Allen created a mutual pool with other safety-conscious factory owners, establishing an engineering-based approach to insurance rather than a purely financial one.

The conversation explores key concepts like Normal Loss Expectancy versus Maximum Foreseeable Loss, highlights common design flaws in Australian Standards, and emphasises that engineers must think beyond merely following standards to truly understand what they're trying to protect. The episode concludes with takeaways about designing for specific needs rather than blindly applying Standards.

This conversation follows the R2A text Engineer Due Diligence (Concepts, Applications, Tools & Techniques) that can be purchased online at https://www.r2a.com.au/store/p/r2a-engineering-due-diligence-textbook.

For further information on Richard and Gaye’s consulting work with R2A, head to https://www.r2a.com.au.

Gaye is also founder of women’s safety workwear company Apto PPE if you’d like to check out the garments at https://www.aptoppe.com.au

In this episode of Risk! Engineers Talk Governance, due diligence engineers Richard Robinson and Gaye Francis discuss: How to prevent catastrophic project blowouts.

They discuss the three key considerations when undertaking project due diligence and preventing catastrophic project blowouts as:

1. Ensure your scope is right, have identified your critical success outcomes are and all key stakeholders understand what the prize is and agree.
   
   
2. Undertake a completeness check of threats. Project due diligence is not a risk assessment, it’s about controls, and putting in controls to protect against threats.
   
3. Review the project on a regular basis and at key milestones. If there are any scope changes being proposed, you need to question what it will actually do to your project and where it’s at now. Redefine the project scope, as appropriate, but ensure changes are communicated transparently and clearly.

This discussion follows R2A’s booklet: How To Prevent Catastrophic Project Blowouts (A Practical Guide for Directors). You can purchase online at https://www.r2a.com.au/store/p/project-governance-booklet-directors

For further information on Richard and Gaye’s consulting work with R2A, head to https://www.r2a.com.au.

Gaye is also founder of women’s safety workwear company Apto PPE if you’d like to check out the garments at https://www.aptoppe.com.au