As a result of the re-gathering and reuniting of the remnants from Israel and Judah, the Gentiles would then be brought into God’s salvation.  They weren’t seeking covenant membership. But they “attained” it.  Israel pursued righteousness, and covenant membership, but they never arrived at it.  "Because they did not pursue it by faith, but as if it were based on works." (Rom.9:32)  So Paul takes two verses from Isaiah—both of them very familiar to the Jews—and combines them to show that Jesus is both a stumbling stone and a cornerstone.

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God's promise was never meant to be realized in the nation as a whole. God's promises were always limited, they were to the true, spiritual Israel—the children of promise.  But it is not as though the word of God has failed. For they are not all Israel who are descended from Israel; Romans 9:6.  To understand what Paul is saying we need to realize that there is a distinction between "Jews" and "Israel". When the Bible talks about Jews, who is it referring to?

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The Apostle Paul is defending God's covenant faithfulness.  Many questions were to arise and arguments to be had that he anticipated.  Paul doesn't launch into a great legal debate here, he simply quotes the Scripture. The Jews would have trouble arguing with their own Scripture.

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