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Geschichte Israels Basiswissen - Damals bis heute
- Ereignisse, Personen, Zusammenhänge
- Narrado por: René Wagner
- Duración: 1 h y 50 m
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Resumen del Editor
Das Gebiet, in dem der heutige Staat Israel liegt, gilt als Wiege des Judentums. Die späteren abrahamitischen Religionen, das Christentum und der Islam, haben dort ihren historischen Ursprung. Seit 63 v. Chr. stand die Region 700 Jahre lang unter römischer Herrschaft. Auf die Römer folgten die Byzantiner, dann die Araber und Osmanen sowie schließlich die Briten. Die dort seit mehreren tausend Jahren ansässigen Juden wurden mehrfach vertrieben und verteilten sich weltweit in der sogenannten Diaspora.
Die im Mittelalter in Europa lebenden Juden wurden systematisch benachteiligt. Der Antisemitismus nahm im Laufe der Jahrhunderte weiter zu. Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts verbreitete Theodor Herzl den Zionismus, die Idee eines eigenen jüdischen Staates.
Mit dem Zusammenbruch des osmanischen Reiches nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg verwaltete Großbritannien die heutigen Territorien Israels, Jordaniens, des Westjordanlands und des Gazastreifens. Jüdische Siedler kamen in diese Gebiete und erste Konflikte mit der arabischen Bevölkerung begannen.
Ab 1933 betrieben die deutschen Nationalsozialisten einen äußerst gewaltvollen und wahnhaften Antisemitismus. Mit den Nürnberger Gesetzen verloren im Jahre 1935 die deutschen Juden ihre Staatsbürgerschaft und im Zuge der Reichspogromnacht 1938 wurden deren Vermögen geraubt. Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde mit der Wannsee-Konferenz 1942 der Völkermord europäischer Juden angeordnet. Im Holocaust, dem Genozid der Nationalsozialisten an der jüdischen Bevölkerung, starben über 6 Millionen Menschen.
Nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs im Jahr 1945 wurde international die Gründung eines jüdischen Staates forciert. Der Gebietsstreit im östlichen Mittelmeerraum sollte durch den UN-Teilungsplan für Palästina von 1947 beendet werden. Die arabische Seite lehnte den Vorschlag ab. Israel rief 1948 die Staatsgründung aus und wurde von arabischen Nachbarländern angegriffen, weil diese den israelischen Staat nicht anerkannten. Israel gewann zwar den Krieg, doch die folgenden Jahrzehnte blieben von weiteren militärischen Auseinandersetzungen gezeichnet.
Besonders durch den Sechstagekrieg 1967 gewann Israel große Territorien hinzu und tausende Araber wurden vertrieben. Nach einer kurzen Phase der Annäherung in den 1970er-Jahren flammte der israelisch-arabische Konflikt erneut auf. Die zwei arabischen Aufstände, die Intifada, forderten viele Todesopfer auf beiden Seiten. Die internationale Staatengemeinschaft konnte die Gewalt nicht beenden und auch die Verhandlungen des Gipfels von Camp David im Jahr 2000 scheiterten. Die zentralen Streitpunkte waren die Siedlungspolitik Israels und der politische Status von Ostjerusalem.
Israel ist heute eine der modernsten Industrienationen der Welt. 2020 lebten dort etwa 9 Millionen Menschen. Obwohl Israel auf kargem Boden liegt und die Situation mit dessen Nachbarländern angespannt bleibt, verfügt es über eine hoch entwickelte Wirtschaft sowie eine der stärksten Armeen weltweit. Die wichtigsten Wirtschaftszweige sind die Chemieindustrie, der Finanzsektor und vor allem die Hightech-Branche. Gemessen an der Einwohnerzahl hat Israel die höchste Dichte an Start-up-Unternehmen weltweit.
Die israelische Gesellschaft ist von Gegensätzen gekennzeichnet. Eine breite moderne und säkularisierte Mehrheitsgesellschaft steht einer wachsenden Zahl an orthodoxen und ultraorthodoxen Juden und arabischen Israelis gegenüber. Dies sorgt für soziale Spannungen und wirtschaftliche Ungleichheit. Vor allem wohlhabende ultraorthodoxe Juden aus dem Ausland nehmen zunehmend Einfluss auf die Politik in Israel.
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