Roxalana Druse was the last woman hanged in New York.  She had committed a shocking crime, but her botched hanging convinced the public to change how executions were done.

Abbott, Geoffrey. 2006. Amazing True Stories of Female Executions. N.p.: Summersdale Publishers.

Croyle, Johnathan. 2020. “1887: The botched hanging of Roxalana Druse helped open the way for the electric chair.” Syracuse.com. https://www.syracuse.com/living/2020/05/1887-the-botched-hanging-of-roxalana-druse-helped-open-the-way-for-the-electric-chair.html.

McDonald, Marie. 2006. “1880s Roxalana Druce Murder Case Warren NY Herkimer County.” Herkimer County NYGenWeb. https://herkimer.nygenweb.net/warren/druseroxalana.html.

“Murder of William Druse, 1884 - Part 1.” 2018. Local History Notes. http://smdlocalhistoryblog.blogspot.com/2018/06/murder-of-william-druse-1884-part-1.html.

“Murder of William Druse, 1884 - Part 2.” 2018. Local History Notes. http://smdlocalhistoryblog.blogspot.com/2018/06/murder-of-william-druse-1884-part-2.html.

“Murder of William Druse, 1884 - Part 3.” 2018. Local History Notes. http://smdlocalhistoryblog.blogspot.com/2018/06/murder-of-william-druse-1884-part-3.html.

“Murder of William Druse, 1884 - Part 4.” 2018. Local History Notes. http://smdlocalhistoryblog.blogspot.com/2018/06/murder-of-william-druse-1884-part-4.html.

“Murder of William Druse, 1884 - Part 5.” 2018. Local History Notes. http://smdlocalhistoryblog.blogspot.com/2018/06/the-murder-of-william-druse-1884-part-5.html.

“Murder of William Druse, 1884 - Part 6.” 2018. Local History Notes. http://smdlocalhistoryblog.blogspot.com/2018_06_17_archive.htmll.

Murray, Joanne. n.d. “1880s Roxana Druce Murder Case Warren NY Herkimer County.” Herkimer County NYGenWeb. Accessed December 17, 2022. https://herkimer.nygenweb.net/warren/drucemurder.html.

“Roxalana Druse.” n.d. Murderpedia. Accessed December 17, 2022. https://murderpedia.org/female.D/d/druse-roxalana.htm.

“Roxana Druse.” n.d. Wikipedia. Accessed December 17, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxana_Druse.

The Utica Observer. 1885. “A Devil's Deed.” January 17, 1885, 5. https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn83031902/1885-01-17/ed-1/seq-5/.

The Utica Observer. 1885. “The Druse Murder ” January 19, 1885, 5 https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn83031902/1885-01-19/ed-1/seq-5/

The Utica Observer. 1885. “The Druse Butchery” January 20, 1885, Page 6, https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn83031902/1885-01-20/ed-1/seq-6/

The Utica Observer. 1885. “A Brutal Woman” September 24, 1885, Page 5, https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn83031902/1885-09-24/ed-1/seq-5/

The Utica Observer. 1885. “The Druse Horror” September 25, 1885, Page 8, https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn83045592/1885-09-25/ed-1/seq-8/

“William Druse: Murdered, Chopped Up, Burned, Thrown in a Swamp.” 2009. YesterYear Once More. https://yesteryearsnews.wordpress.com/2009/03/09/william-druse-murdered-chopped-up-burned-thrown-in-a-swamp/.

"Comfortable Mystery 3" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)

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