Galatia, situated in the central part of Anatolia in Asia Minor, is a region with a rich history and significant geographical importance. Originally settled by Celtic tribes from Gaul in the 3rd century BC, Galatia became a prominent area known for its warrior culture. Over time, the region experienced significant Hellenization due to the influence of Greek cities and the Seleucid Empire, blending Celtic and Greek customs. In 25 BC, under Emperor Augustus, Galatia was formally incorporated into the Roman Empire, becoming a well-established Roman province by the time of Paul.

Galatia was interconnected by an extensive network of Roman roads, facilitating trade and the spread of ideas, including Christianity. Major cities in Galatia, such as Antioch of Pisidia, Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe, became important centers for Paul’s missionary work. These cities were cosmopolitan, housing diverse populations of Greeks, Romans, Jews, and indigenous peoples, creating a dynamic environment for the early Christian message.

Religious life in Galatia was diverse, with traditional Celtic deities worshiped alongside Greek and Roman gods. Jewish communities also existed in many cities, providing initial contact points for Paul’s missionary efforts. Paul’s visits to Galatia during his missionary journeys led to the establishment and strengthening of churches in these cities, addressing both Jewish and Gentile audiences. His letter to the Galatians, written around 48-49 AD, shortly after the Jerusalem Council, is considered one of the earliest Christian documents.

The primary purpose of Paul’s letter was to address the controversy stirred by Judaizers, who insisted that Gentile Christians adhere to Jewish laws, particularly circumcision, to be fully accepted. Paul passionately defended the doctrine of justification by faith alone, emphasizing that salvation comes through faith in Jesus Christ, not by works of the law. He also defended his apostleship and the gospel he preached, urging the Galatians to live by the Spirit’s freedom rather than reverting to the law’s slavery. During the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther found in Galatians the theological support for his doctrine of justification by faith alone.