Episodes

  • Predictors of not using medication for EoE

    Predictors of not using medication for EoE
    Nov 19 2025
    Co-hosts Ryan Piansky, a graduate student and patient advocate living with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and eosinophilic asthma, and Holly Knotowicz, a speech-language pathologist living with EoE who serves on APFED's Health Sciences Advisory Council, interview Evan S. Dellon, MD, and Elizabeth T. Jensen, PhD, about a paper they published on predictors of patients receiving no medication for treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. Disclaimer: The information provided in this podcast is designed to support, not replace, the relationship between listeners and their healthcare providers. Opinions, information, and recommendations shared in this podcast are not a substitute for medical advice. Decisions related to medical care should be made with your healthcare provider. Opinions and views of guests and co-hosts are their own. Key Takeaways: [:52] Co-host Ryan Piansky introduces the episode, brought to you thanks to the support of Education Partners GSK, Sanofi, Regeneron, and Takeda. Ryan introduces co-host Holly Knotowicz. [1:14] Holly introduces today's topic, predictors of not using medication for EoE, and today's guests, Dr. Evan Dellon and Dr. Elizabeth Jensen. [1:29] Dr. Dellon is an Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine in Chapel Hill. He is also the Director of the UNC Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing. [1:42] Dr. Dellon's main research interest is in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and eosinophilic GI diseases (EGIDs). [1:55] Dr. Jensen is a Professor of Epidemiology with a specific expertise in reproductive, perinatal, and pediatric epidemiology. She has appointments at both Wake Forest University School of Medicine and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. [2:07] Her research primarily focuses on etiologic factors in the development of pediatric immune-mediated chronic diseases, including understanding factors contributing to disparities in health outcomes. [2:19] Both Dr. Dellon and Dr. Jensen also serve on the Steering Committee for EGID Partners Registry. [2:24] Ryan thanks Dr. Dellon and Dr. Jensen for joining the podcast today. [2:29] Dr. Dellon was the first guest on this podcast. It is wonderful to have him back for the 50th episode! Dr. Dellon is one of Ryan's GI specialists. Ryan recently went to North Carolina to get a scope with him. [3:03] Dr. Dellon is an adult gastroenterologist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He directs the Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing. Clinically and research-wise, he is focused on EoE and other eosinophilic GI diseases. [3:19] His research interests span the entire field, from epidemiology, diagnosis, biomarkers, risk factors, outcomes, and a lot of work, more recently, on treatments. [3:33] Dr. Jensen has been on the podcast before, on Episode 27. Holly invites Dr. Jensen to tell the listeners more about herself and her work with eosinophilic diseases. [3:46] Dr. Jensen has been working on eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases for about 15 years. She started some of the early work around understanding possible risk factors for the development of disease. [4:04] She has gone on to support lots of other research projects, including some with Dr. Dellon, where they're looking at gene-environment interactions in relation to developing EoE. [4:15] She is also looking at reproductive factors as they relate to EoE, disparities in diagnosis, and more. It's been an exciting research trajectory, starting with what we knew very little about and building to an increasing understanding of why EoE develops. [5:00] Dr. Dellon explains that EoE stands for eosinophilic esophagitis, a chronic allergic condition of the esophagus. [5:08] You can think of EoE as asthma of the esophagus or eczema of the esophagus, although in general, people don't grow out of EoE, like they might grow out of eczema or asthma. When people have EoE, it is a long-term condition. [5:24] Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell, specializing in allergy responses. Normally, they are not in the esophagus. When we see them there, we worry about an allergic process. When that happens, that's EoE. [5:40] Over time, the inflammation seen in EoE and other allergic cell activity causes swelling and irritation in the esophagus. Early on, this often leads to a range of upper GI symptoms — including poor growth or failure to thrive in young children, abdominal pain, nausea, and symptoms that can mimic reflux. [5:58] In older kids, symptoms are more about trouble swallowing. That's because the swelling that happens initially, over time, may turn into scar tissue. So the esophagus can narrow and cause swallowing symptoms like food impaction. [6:16] Ryan speaks of living with EoE for decades and trying the full range of treatment options: food elimination, PPIs, steroids...
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    45 mins
  • TSLP and EoE: Exploring the Science Behind a Potential Treatment Target

    TSLP and EoE: Exploring the Science Behind a Potential Treatment Target
    Oct 29 2025
    Co-hosts Ryan Piansky, a graduate student and patient advocate living with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and eosinophilic asthma, and Holly Knotowicz, a speech-language pathologist living with EoE who serves on APFED's Health Sciences Advisory Council, interview Dr. Andrew Lee, Vice President, Clinical Research at Uniquity Bio, about Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EOE). Disclaimer: The information provided in this podcast is designed to support, not replace, the relationship between listeners and their healthcare providers. Opinions, information, and recommendations shared in this podcast are not a substitute for medical advice. Decisions related to medical care should be made with your healthcare provider. Opinions and views of guests and co-hosts are their own. Key Takeaways: [:49] Co-host Ryan Piansky introduces the episode, brought to you thanks to the support of Education Partners Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK, Sanofi, Regeneron, and Takeda. Ryan introduces co-host Holly Knotowicz. [1:13] Holly introduces today's topic, Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EOE), and today's guest, Dr. Andrew Lee, Vice President, Clinical Research at Uniquity Bio. [1:36] Dr. Lee has nearly 20 years of experience in the clinical development of new vaccines, biologics, and drugs. Holly welcomes Dr. Lee. [1:52] Dr. Lee trained in internal medicine and infectious diseases. [1:58] Dr. Lee has been fascinated by the immune system and how it can protect people against infections, what happens when immunity is damaged, as in HIV and AIDS, and how to apply that knowledge to boost immunity with vaccines to prevent infections. [2:16] Dr. Lee led the clinical development for a pediatric combination vaccine for infants and toddlers. It is approved in the U.S. and the EU. [2:29] Dr. Lee led the Phase 3 Program for a monoclonal antibody to prevent RSV, a serious infection in infants. That antibody was approved in June 2025 for use in the U.S. [2:44] In his current company, Dr. Lee leads research into approaches to counteract an overactive immune system. They're looking at anti-inflammatory approaches to diseases like asthma, EoE, and COPD. [2:58] Dr. Lee directs the ongoing Phase 2 studies that they are running in those areas. [3:28] Dr. Lee sees drug development as a chance to apply cutting-edge research to benefit people. He trained at Bellevue Hospital in New York City in the 1990s. [3:40] When Dr. Lee started as an intern, there were dedicated ICU wards for AIDS patients because many of the sickest patients were dying of AIDS and its complications. [3:52] Before the end of Dr. Lee's residency, they shut down those wards because the patients were on anti-retroviral medications and were doing so well that they were treated as outpatients. They didn't need dedicated ICUs for AIDS patients anymore. [4:09] For Dr. Lee, that was a powerful example of how pharmaceutical research and drug regimen can impact patients' lives for the better by following the science. That's what drove Dr. Lee to go in the direction of research. [4:48] Dr. Lee explains Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP). TSLP serves as an alarm signal for Type 2 or TH2 inflammation, a branch of the immune responses responsible for allergic responses and also immunity against parasites. [5:17] When the cells that line the GI tract and the cells that line the airways in our lungs receive an insult or an injury, they get a danger signal, then they make TSLP. [5:28] This signal activates other immune cells, like eosinophils and dendritic cells, which make other inflammatory signals or cytokines like IL-4, IL-13, and IL-5. [5:47] That cascade leads to inflammation, which is designed to protect the body in response to the danger signal, but in some diseases, when there's continued exposure to allergens or irritants, that inflammation goes from being protective to being harmful. [6:15] That continued inflammation, over the years, can lead to things like the thickened esophagus with EoE, or lungs that are less pliant and less able to expand, in respiratory diseases. [6:48] Dr. Lee says he thinks of TSLP as being a master switch for this branch of immune responses. If you turn on TSLP, that turns on a lot of steps that lead to generating an allergic type of response. [7:06] It's also the same type of immune response that can fight off parasite infections. It's the first step in a cascade of other steps generating that type of immune response. [7:30] Dr. Lee says people have natural genetic variation in the genes that incur TSLP. [7:38] Observational studies have found that some people with genetic variations that lead to higher levels of TSLP in their bodies had an increased risk for allergic inflammatory diseases like EoE, atopic dermatitis, and asthma. [8:13] Studies like the one just mentioned point to TSLP being important for increased risk ...
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    33 mins
  • Community Perspective: Using School Science Fair Projects to Raise Awareness of EoE

    Community Perspective: Using School Science Fair Projects to Raise Awareness of EoE
    Sep 26 2025
    Co-hosts Ryan Piansky, a graduate student and patient advocate living with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and eosinophilic asthma, and Holly Knotowicz, a speech-language pathologist living with EoE who serves on APFED's Health Sciences Advisory Council, interview three high school students who made less invasive EoE diagnostics the focus of a science fair project. Disclaimer: The information provided in this podcast is designed to support, not replace, the relationship that exists between listeners and their healthcare providers. Opinions, information, and recommendations shared in this podcast are not a substitute for medical advice. Decisions related to medical care should be made with your healthcare provider. Opinions and views of guests and co-hosts are their own. Key Takeaways: [:51] Co-host Ryan Piansky introduces the episode, brought to you thanks to the support of Education Partners Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK, Sanofi, Regeneron, and Takeda. Ryan introduces co-host Holly Knotowicz. [1:08] Holly introduces today's guests, three high school students from Texas who made EoE diagnostics the focus of a science fair project: Leyna, Nhu, and Jaden. [1:47] Leyna, Nhu, and Jaden are best friends. Nhu was diagnosed with EoE last summer. Leyna said Nhu told them it took a long time for the doctors to diagnose her because they thought it could be different conditions. [2:07] Nhu told them about her appointments and her endoscopy procedures. She had to miss school sometimes. Leyna and Jaden were concerned for her. [2:22] Leyna took AP Bio. Her teacher was a sponsor for the science fair. Leyna thought this would be a meaningful project for the three friends to learn more about Nhu's condition. [2:45] Holly shares that she wasn't diagnosed until her 20s, but she was sick for much of her childhood. [3:13] Ryan shares that he was diagnosed when he was two, after two years of his parents taking him to different doctors and undergoing different tests. [3:31] Nhu says it was hard to find a specialist. They found one and had to wait six months for an appointment. It was a long time, suffering from the effects of EoE with constant symptoms, a lot of heartburn, and painful vomiting. [4:00] Nhu was diagnosed with EoE in her sophomore year of high school. Her friends have seen her endure a lot, but she's strong. Nhu had to miss an orchestra concert where she had a big solo, because of her EoE. [4:32] Doctors thought Nhu could have something different, like H. Pylori or cyclic vomiting syndrome. They didn't have clear answers, which was confusing and frustrating for her family. [4:50] Holly talks about how difficult it was for her to get a diagnosis, and how she was told she was vomiting to get attention. She shared her reaction when diagnosed. She would like someone to do a research study about the pain tolerance of people with EoE. [5:41] Leyna says junior year is the hardest year of high school. She doesn't know how Nhu survived physics and AP classes with EoE on top of it, and making up late work. [6:14] Nhu takes a weekly injection. Her symptoms happen almost monthly. Sometimes she misses school for two weeks and has to catch up on work. Leyna and Jaden help her with her schoolwork. [6:47] Ryan shared how he missed a third of his senior year in high school. He's now on an injectable biologic that has helped him a lot. That treatment option wasn't available when he was in high school. Having supportive friends to send him his schoolwork and keep him up-to-date was very helpful. [7:11] Ryan explains the esophageal string test (EST). This is a tool that was developed to help monitor eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). The test works by having the patient swallow a capsule about the size of a Tic Tac that has a string attached. [7:25] The capsule dissolves in the stomach while the string stays in place in the esophagus. After about an hour, it's gently removed. Along the way, the string collects samples from the lining of the esophagus, which are reviewed, similarly to a biopsy. [7:37] Holly adds that what makes the string test unique is that it doesn't require an endoscope, anesthesia, or recovery time, things that usually come with a traditional endoscopy and biopsy. [7:46] It's now being used with patients as young as four years old. While some people might feel some minor discomfort, it's generally much easier for regular monitoring than an endoscopy. [7:57] Holly explains that she was involved in testing the device and developing a swallowing protocol for it at Children's Hospital of Colorado. We will talk more about this later in the episode. [8:06] Ryan adds, to learn more about the development of the string test, listen to episode 26 of this podcast. [8:10] The string test is one of multiple, less-invasive monitoring tools for eosinophilic esophagitis. Others include the sponge test and unsedated trans-nasal endoscopy. [8:19] To learn more about ...
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    32 mins
  • Bone Mineral Density in Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis

    Bone Mineral Density in Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis
    Jun 24 2025
    Description: Co-hosts Ryan Piansky, a graduate student and patient advocate living with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and eosinophilic asthma, and Holly Knotowicz, a speech-language pathologist living with EoE who serves on APFED's Health Sciences Advisory Council, interview Anna Henderson, MD, a pediatric gastroenterologist at Northern Light Health in Maine, about bone mineral density in EoE patients. They discuss a paper she co-authored on the subject. Disclaimer: The information provided in this podcast is designed to support, not replace, the relationship that exists between listeners and their healthcare providers. Opinions, information, and recommendations shared in this podcast are not a substitute for medical advice. Decisions related to medical care should be made with your healthcare provider. Opinions and views of guests and co-hosts are their own. Key Takeaways: [:50] Co-host Ryan Piansky introduces the episode, brought to you thanks to the support of Education Partners Bristol Myers Squibb, Sanofi, Regeneron, and Takeda. Ryan introduces co-host Holly Knotowicz. [1:17] Holly introduces today's topic, eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), and bone density. [1:22] Holly introduces today's guest, Dr. Anna Henderson, a pediatric gastroenterologist at Northern Light Health in Maine. [1:29] During her pediatric and pediatric gastroenterology training at Cincinnati Children's Hospital, she took a special interest in eosinophilic esophagitis. In 2019, Dr. Henderson received APFED's NASPGHAN Outstanding EGID Abstract Award. [1:45] Holly, a feeding therapist in Maine, has referred many patients to Dr. Henderson and is excited to have her on the show. [2:29] Dr. Henderson is a wife and mother. She loves to swim and loves the outdoors. She practices general pediatric GI in Bangor, Maine, at a community-based academic center. [2:52] Her patient population is the northern two-thirds of Maine. Dr. Henderson feels it is rewarding to bring her expertise from Cincinnati to a community that may not otherwise have access to specialized care. [3:13] Dr. Henderson's interest in EoE grew as a GI fellow at Cincinnati Children's. Her research focused on biomarkers for disease response to dietary therapies and EoE's relationship to bone health. [3:36] As a fellow, Dr. Henderson rotated through different specialized clinics. She saw there were many unanswered questions about the disease process, areas to improve treatment options, and quality of life for the patients suffering from these diseases. [4:00] Dr. Henderson saw many patients going through endoscopies. She saw the social barriers for patients following strict diets. She saw a huge need in EoE and jumped on it. [4:20] Ryan grew up with EoE. He remembers the struggles of constant scopes, different treatment options, and dietary therapy. Many people struggled to find what was best for them before there was a good approved treatment. [4:38] As part of Ryan's journey, he learned he has osteoporosis. He was diagnosed at age 18 or 19. His DEXA scan had such a low Z-score that they thought the machine was broken. He was retested. [5:12] Dr. Henderson explains that bone mineral density is a key measure of bone health and strength. Denser bones contain more minerals and are stronger. A low bone mineral density means weaker bones. Weaker bones increase the risk of fracture. [5:36] DEXA scan stands for Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry scan. It's a type of X-ray that takes 10 to 30 minutes. A machine scans over their bones. Typically, we're most interested in the lumbar spine and hip bones. [5:56] The results are standardized to the patient's height and weight, with 0 being the average. A negative number means weaker bones than average for that patient's height and weight. Anything positive means stronger bones for that patient's height and weight. [6:34] A lot of things can affect a patient's bone mineral density: genetics, dietary history, calcium and Vitamin D intake, and medications, including steroid use. Prednisone is a big risk factor for bone disease. [7:07] Other risk factors are medical and auto-immune conditions, like celiac disease, and age. Any patient will have their highest bone density in their 20s to 30s. Females typically have lower bone mineral density than males. [7:26] The last factor is lifestyle. Patients who are more active and do weight-bearing exercises will have higher bone mineral density than patients who have more of a sedentary lifestyle. [7:56] Ryan was told his bone mineral density issues were probably a side-effect of the long-term steroids he was on for his EoE. Ryan is now on benralizumab for eosinophilic asthma. He is off steroids. [8:36] Dr. Henderson says the research is needed to find causes of bone mineral density loss besides glucocorticoids. [8:45] EoE patients are on swallowed steroids, fluticasone, budesonide, etc. Other patients are on steroids for asthma, eczema, ...
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    33 mins
  • Common Nutritional Deficiencies that Affect Those with Non-EoE EGIDs

    Common Nutritional Deficiencies that Affect Those with Non-EoE EGIDs
    May 30 2025
    Description: Co-hosts Ryan Piansky, a graduate student and patient advocate living with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and eosinophilic asthma, and Holly Knotowicz, a speech-language pathologist living with EoE who serves on APFED's Health Sciences Advisory Council, interview Bethany Doerfler, MS, RDN, a clinical research dietician specializing in lifestyle management of digestive diseases at Northwestern Medicine. Ryan and Holly discuss managing nutritional deficiencies in patients with non-EoE EGIDs and a study Bethany worked on. Disclaimer: The information provided in this podcast is designed to support, not replace the relationship that exists between listeners and their healthcare providers. Opinions, information, and recommendations shared in this podcast are not a substitute for medical advice. Decisions related to medical care should be made with your healthcare provider. Opinions and views of guests and co-hosts are their own. Key Takeaways: [:50] Co-host Ryan Piansky introduces the episode, brought to you thanks to the support of Education Partners Bristol Myers Squibb, Sanofi, Regeneron, and Takeda. Ryan introduces co-host Holly Knotowicz. [1:17] Holly introduces today's topic, common nutritional deficiencies that affect those with eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases that occur in the GI tract lower than the esophagus (non-EoE EGIDs). [1:31] Holly introduces today's guest, Bethany Doerfler, a clinical research dietician specializing in lifestyle management of digestive diseases, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, motility disorders, and eosinophilic diseases. [1:45] Bethany currently practices as part of a multi-disciplinary team in a digestive health institute at Northwestern Medicine. [2:03] Bethany began working with this disorder almost 20 years ago. She worked with Dr. Gonsalves and Dr. Hirano at Northwestern. Dr. Gonsalves invited her to work with EoE patients. Bethany had not heard of EoE. [2:59] Bethany says the lens that we've used to look at food as the trigger and also a therapeutic agent in the esophagus, we're looking at in non-EoE EGIDs as well; at the same time, trying to make sure that we're honoring the other parts of our patient's lives. [3:27] Before Bethany started working in GI at Northwestern, she worked in the Wellness Institute, doing nutrition for patients at Northwestern. Bethany has a research background in epidemiology and she wanted to see better nutrition research in GI. [3:56] Through a friend, Bethany connected with the Chief of GI at that point. Northwestern had never had a dietician working in GI. [4:08] Bethany is pleased to see a trend in healthcare of thinking about the patient as a whole person, including diet, psychological wellness, physical health, exercise, sleep, and more. Bethany wanted to see more research on GI disorders. [4:38] Bethany says that eosinophils in the esophagus indicate that something is irritating the tissues, such as reflux, food triggers, aeroallergens, and other things. [4:58] Eosinophils do belong in the stomach, the small intestine, and the colon. The challenge for researchers has been, how many, where are they supposed to live, and what are they supposed to look like. [5:10] There is eosinophilic gastritis, where eosinophils can infiltrate the stomach, causing a lot of inflammatory responses that make patients sick. We see that in all parts of the small intestine and less commonly, in the colon, as well. [5:32] It's a good reminder for listeners that eosinophils are white blood cells. When they're in the tissues, they can swell things up and cause the body to have this inflammatory response in these lower GI tract organs. [5:49] The symptoms patients can experience are vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, among other things. [6:14] The nomenclature for this subset of eosinophil-associated diseases has changed and Bethany says to hang tight, there is lots of work underway to nail this down further in the next couple of months to a year. [6:29] The last guidelines were published by a Delphi Consensus in 2022. The experts in the field got together and voted on the scientific accuracy of certain statements to develop cut points for how to grade. [6:48] The experts are asking questions like: What counts as eosinophilic gastritis? What do we think are some of the symptoms and the clinical findings so that we all are looking at things through the same lens? [7:02] To get to these consensus statements, there's a lot of discussion, agreement, and good collegial discussions about making sure that we're looking at this accurately. [7:12] We're trying to give the right names to the right disorders and give clear diagnostic criteria, so that we're helping our patients get a diagnosis, and we're not labeling something incorrectly and sticking someone with an inaccurate diagnosis. [7:36] The proper terminology is eosinophilic gastritis in the stomach, eosinophilic ...
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    41 mins
  • Comparing Pediatric and Adult EoE

    Comparing Pediatric and Adult EoE
    Apr 30 2025
    Description: Co-hosts Ryan Piansky, a graduate student and patient advocate living with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and eosinophilic asthma, and Holly Knotowicz, a speech-language pathologist living with EoE who serves on APFED's Health Sciences Advisory Council, interview Dr. Melanie Ruffner, an Attending Physician with the Division of Allergy and Immunology and the Center for Pediatric Eosinophilic Disorders at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Dr. Ruffner describes her work in clinic and the paper she co-authored about pediatric and adult eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). She covers the questions they considered in the paper and the conclusions they reached. Disclaimer: The information provided in this podcast is designed to support, not replace the relationship that exists between listeners and their healthcare providers. Opinions, information, and recommendations shared in this podcast are not a substitute for medical advice. Decisions related to medical care should be made with your healthcare provider. Opinions and views of guests and co-hosts are their own. Key Takeaways: [:49] Co-host Ryan Piansky introduces the episode, brought to you thanks to the support of Education Partners Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK, Sanofi, Regeneron, and Takeda. Ryan introduces co-host Holly Knotowicz. [1:17] Holly introduces today's topic, pediatric and adult eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), and introduces today's guest, Dr. Melanie Ruffner. [1:23] Dr. Melanie Ruffner is an attending physician with the Division of Allergy and Immunology in the Center for Pediatric Eosinophilic Disorders at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Holly welcomes Dr. Ruffner to Real Talk. [1:50] As an attending physician in the Center for Pediatric Eosinophilic Disorders at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Dr. Ruffner sees patients who have eosinophilic esophagitis and other eosinophilic disorders, including eosinophilic GI tract disorders. [2:09] Dr. Ruffner also leads a research group that studies how the immune system causes inflammation in response to certain foods, leading to EoE. [2:20] Inflammation in the esophagus is tied to other diseases like epithelial barrier dysfunction and fibrosis. [2:28] Our bodies use many different proteins that allow cells to communicate with one another. One type of signaling protein that causes inflammation is called cytokines. [2:41] Dr. Ruffner's group is interested in how these signaling proteins called cytokines interact with epithelial cells and how that impacts the oral function of the esophagus in patients with EoE. [3:02] In training, Dr. Ruffner became interested in eosinophilic esophagitis and other non-IgE-mediated food allergies because we don't have a lot of clear treatments or clear mechanisms that cause them. [3:21] Dr. Ruffner felt there was a lot of work to be done in that area. It was rewarding to be in clinical encounters with those patients. Often, patients had spent a long time trying to find out what was happening and to find a treatment plan that worked for them. [4:31] Dr. Ruffner's group sees some patients who have eosinophilic gastroenteritis and patients who are referred for hypereosinophilia with impacts of inflammation in other organ systems. [5:06] Dr. Ruffner co-authored a paper about pediatric and adult EoE published in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. It explored if EoE in pediatric patients and adult patients is a spectrum or distinct diseases. [5:29] EoE is a chronic allergic condition that affects the esophagus. The esophagus carries food from the mouth to the stomach. In people with EoE, the immune system overreacts to foods and causes inflammation in the esophagus. [5:47] Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell. Eosinophils infiltrate the tissue in the esophagus of people with EoE. Doctors look for eosinophils in the tissue of the esophagus as a sign that inflammation in the esophagus is EoE. [6:04] The symptoms of EoE can vary in children and adults. That was one of the things the doctors were interested in when they were thinking about this paper. There are no blood or allergy tests that make it easy to diagnose EoE, which requires an endoscopy. [6:31] An endoscopy is performed by a gastroenterologist. The gastroenterologists look at the appearance of the esophagus and take biopsies. [6:49] A pathologist counts the eosinophils in the tissue to determine if there are eosinophils present. If there are more than 15 eosinophils in the high-powered field of the microscope and symptoms and clinical conditions are present, EoE is diagnosed. [7:25] One of the variables Dr. Ruffner considers is that symptoms can be different in children versus adults. In older adolescents and adults, the classic symptom is difficulty swallowing or dysphagia. That is often caused by fibrosis in the esophagus. [7:54] In younger children this is often not how EoE presents. They may vomit or refuse food. They may...
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    39 mins
  • Full Circle: An Immunologist's Unexpected EoE Journey

    Full Circle: An Immunologist's Unexpected EoE Journey
    Mar 25 2025
    Description: Co-hosts Ryan Piansky, a graduate student and patient advocate living with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and eosinophilic asthma, and Holly Knotowicz, a speech-language pathologist living with EoE who serves on APFED's Health Sciences Advisory Council, interview Dr. John Accarino, an allergist and immunologist at Massachusetts General Hospital and Mass General for Children, on the topic of immunology support for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Dr. Accarino shares his experiences as a person living with food allergies, allergic asthma, peanut allergy, and eosinophilic esophagitis. He tells how his experiences help him in his work with patients. Dr. Accarino shares some education on a variety of allergy mechanisms and the treatments that mitigate them. Disclaimer: The information provided in this podcast is designed to support, not replace the relationship that exists between listeners and their healthcare providers. Opinions, information, and recommendations shared in this podcast are not a substitute for medical advice. Decisions related to medical care should be made with your healthcare provider. Opinions and views of guests and co-hosts are their own. Key Takeaways: [:49] Co-host Ryan Piansky introduces the episode, brought to you thanks to the support of Education Partners Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK, Sanofi, and Regeneron. Ryan introduces co-host Holly Knotowicz. [1:14] Holly introduces today's topic, immunology support for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), and introduces today's guest, Dr. John Accarino, an allergist and immunologist at Massachusetts General Hospital. Holly welcomes Dr. Accarino to Real Talk. [1:49] Holly notes that Dr. Accarino is her allergist and immunologist. [2:03] Dr. Accarino works at Massachusetts General Hospital and Mass General for Children. Allergy and Immunology is a field where he can see pediatrics and adults. Originally trained in pediatrics, now Dr. Accarino sees patients of all ages. [2:23] Dr. Accarino grew up with allergies. He has experienced food allergies since he was young, along with allergic asthma, and some eczema, which he grew out of. Later in life, he was diagnosed with eosinophilic esophagitis. He talks with his patients about his experiences. [2:47] Dr. Accarino also does research on drug allergies in the context of certain drug interactions that involve eosinophils. [3:06] When Holly was referred to Dr. Accarino, it was for multiple sclerosis (MS). He told her, "It looks like you have EoE. I have EoE." It was a huge relief to Holly not to have to explain EoE to her doctor. [3:41] Some patients start to explain their EoE to Dr. Accarino, and he assures them he understands where they're coming from. Sometimes, he has to be careful not to think everyone has his symptoms, as there is a large spectrum of presentations. [4:26] Dr. Accarino wasn't diagnosed with EoE until he was in his allergy fellowship, after he suspected it when he had a food impaction at a steakhouse at a graduation party from his pediatric residency. He tried to manage the EoE with lifestyle changes. [5:39] Dr. Accarino didn't often go to see a doctor during residency, but he realized it was probably a good time to get an endoscopy. [5:52] Holly shares how she was also diagnosed as a clinical fellow. She was subbing for someone on the GEDP team at Children's Hospital in Colorado. Listening to all the patients, she realized, "This sounds a little bit like me … What is going on?" [6:23] Even with his medical background, it took Dr. Accarino some time to decide to get the endoscopy and biopsies. You or your doctor have to have a high level of suspicion to realize this isn't just reflux. Food doesn't get stuck in every person's throat. [7:01] Thinking back, Dr. Accarino remembers an instance as a child when a dry muffin got stuck in his throat. He stayed calm and waited for it to pass. He thought it was normal. [7:39] He drank a lot of water and chewed his food a lot. Those are markers of potential esophageal inflammation. [8:20] Different groups have different management strategies for EoE. Dietary management, topical steroids, biologics. A subgroup of people with EoE are responsive to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Finding the best management strategy is a work in progress. [8:53] With pediatric patients, the parents control the diet, and the children eat what is prepared. He notes that with adult patients, sometimes they let foods slip through. [9:10] If you want to do a single-food elimination diet with dairy, there's a lot of dairy in the American diet. Dr. Accarino tried eliminating dairy and wheat, but he still had persistent eosinophils with dietary elimination. [9:24] Dr. Accarino then tried PPIs. To know if you have PPI-responsive EoE, you might do twice-daily omeprazole at a significant dose. Have the endoscopy after a few weeks pass and see if the eosinophils are still present in the biopsy. [9:59] Dr. ...
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    39 mins
  • The Intersection of Food Allergy and Eosinophilic Esophagitis

    The Intersection of Food Allergy and Eosinophilic Esophagitis
    Feb 27 2025
    Description: Co-hosts Ryan Piansky, a graduate student and patient advocate living with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and eosinophilic asthma, and Holly Knotowicz, a speech-language pathologist living with EoE who serves on APFED's Health Sciences Advisory Council, interview Dr. Wayne Shreffler, Chief of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and Co-Director of The Food Allergy Center at Massachusetts General Hospital. Dr. Shreffler is also an investigator at The Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Disease and The Food Allergy Science Initiative. His research is focused on understanding how adaptive immunity to dietary antigens is both naturally regulated and modulated by therapy in the context of food allergy. This interview covers the results of a research paper on The Intersection of Food Allergy and Eosinophilic Esophagitis, co-authored by Dr. Shreffler. Disclaimer: The information provided in this podcast is designed to support, not replace the relationship that exists between listeners and their healthcare providers. Opinions, information, and recommendations shared in this podcast are not a substitute for medical advice. Decisions related to medical care should be made with your healthcare provider. Opinions and views of guests and co-hosts are their own. Key Takeaways: [:50] Co-host Ryan Piansky introduces the episode, brought to you thanks to the support of Education Partners Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK, Sanofi, and Regeneron. Ryan introduces co-host, Holly Knotowicz. [1:15] Holly introduces today's topic, the intersection of food allergy and eosinophilic esophagitis. [1:26] Holly introduces today's guest, Dr. Wayne Shreffler, Chief of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and Co-Director of The Food Allergy Center at Massachusetts General Hospital and an investigator at The Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Disease and The Food Allergy Science Initiative. [1:43] Dr. Shreffler's research is focused on understanding how adaptive immunity to dietary antigens is both naturally regulated and modulated by therapy in the context of food allergy. [1:54] Holly welcomes Dr. Shreffler to Real Talk. When Holly moved to Maine, she sent her patients to Dr. Shreffler at Mass General. [2:25] Dr. Shreffler trained in New York on a Ph.D. track. He was interested in parasitic diseases and the Th2 immune response. Jane Curtis, a program director at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, encouraged him to consider MD/PhD programs. He did. [3:31] Jane Curtis connected him to Hugh Sampson, who was working with others to help understand the clinical prevalence of food allergy and allergens. [3:51] As a pediatric resident, Dr. Shreffler had seen the burden of allergic disease, caring for kids in the Bronx with asthma. His interest in Th2 immunity, the clear and compelling unmet clinical need, and the problem of food allergy guided his career. [4:31] Dr. Shreffler's wife has food allergies and they were concerned for their children. Fortunately, neither of them developed food allergies. [5:21] Dr. Shreffler thinks the food allergy field has a lot of people who gravitate toward it for personal reasons. [5:53] Food allergy is an adverse response to food that is immune-mediated. There is still uncertainty about this but Dr. Shreffler believes that a large percentage of patients with EoE have some triggers that are food antigens. [6:27] The broad definition of food allergy would include things like food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). [6:47] The way we use the term food allergy in the clinic, there are two forms: IgE-mediated allergies and non-IgE-mediated allergies, including EoE. [7:40] Some patients have food-triggered eczema, some have FPIES. [8:04] In 2024, Dr. Shreffler and Dr. Caitlin Burk released a paper that looked at the triggers of EoE, particularly the intersection of IgE-mediated food allergy and EoE. [8:41] Dr. Caitlin Burk joined the group as they were publishing papers on IG food allergy and EoE. It was a moment where things unexpectedly came together. [9:17] Adaptive immunity to food proteins comes from antibodies that cause milk allergy, egg allergy, peanut allergy, or multiple allergies. The IgE has specificity. [9:40] T cells also are specific to proteins. They express a host of receptors that recognize almost anything the immune system might encounter. They have a long memory like B-cells. [10:09] The overlap in these two threads of research was regarding a population of T cells that are important for mediating chronic inflammation at epithelial sites, including the gut. [10:36] These T cells have been described in the airways in asthma, in the skin in eczema, and the GI tract. Researchers years ago had also described them as being associated with IgE food allergy. People with IgE food allergies avoid allergens. [11:13] T cells, being associated with chronic allergic inflammation, now being associated with food allergies which ...
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    50 mins