As a result of the re-gathering and reuniting of the remnants from Israel and Judah, the Gentiles would then be brought into God’s salvation.  They weren’t seeking covenant membership. But they “attained” it.  Israel pursued righteousness, and covenant membership, but they never arrived at it.  "Because they did not pursue it by faith, but as if it were based on works." (Rom.9:32)  So Paul takes two verses from Isaiah—both of them very familiar to the Jews—and combines them to show that Jesus is both a stumbling stone and a cornerstone.

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God's promise was never meant to be realized in the nation as a whole. God's promises were always limited, they were to the true, spiritual Israel—the children of promise.  But it is not as though the word of God has failed. For they are not all Israel who are descended from Israel; Romans 9:6.  To understand what Paul is saying we need to realize that there is a distinction between "Jews" and "Israel". When the Bible talks about Jews, who is it referring to?

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The Apostle Paul is defending God's covenant faithfulness.  Many questions were to arise and arguments to be had that he anticipated.  Paul doesn't launch into a great legal debate here, he simply quotes the Scripture. The Jews would have trouble arguing with their own Scripture.

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This whole problem of whether God is being faithful to His covenant with Israel in the work of Christ is what Paul is now dealing with in Romans 9-11. Israel's lack of faith on the part of some does not mean, then, that God's promises that were entrusted to them have failed.

Paul is going to teach us that God's promises have not failed, they were misunderstood! Paul explains how they were misunderstood. "For they are not all Israel who are descended from Israel" I can't emphasize how important this verse is, we must understand this. This verse is the key to understanding Israel and the promises of God.

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Paul says the ultimate proof that God will not be swayed in His support for us is seen in His willingness to put Christ on the cross for our sake.  Now, the seven things Paul lists are an inventory of what the Lord experienced on the way to the cross. He endured all these things for our sake.  Before Paul even introduces the subject of his next discussion, he affirms that he is telling the truth. "I am telling the truth"--is a claim to personal honesty. Paul was looked upon by the Jews as an enemy, a traitor. He wants them to know that he cares for them. "In Christ"--in my conscience, I am in union with Christ, and I declare He is my witness, my life. He's calling on Christ to witness the honesty of his claim.

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Verses 29-30 are often called the "Golden Chain of Salvation," or the "Ordo Salutis" which is Latin for "the order of salvation," which deals with the logical sequence of steps or stages involved in the salvation of a believer, and, more importantly, it has to do with who made the first move in our salvation, God or man?

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