Episodios

  • Ep. 39 - Cannabis & Sperm Donors: Just Say No! (Part 4)

    Ep. 39 - Cannabis & Sperm Donors: Just Say No! (Part 4)
    Oct 16 2024

    Our past several episodes have focused on how cannabis use is harmful across all stages of pregnancy, from the prenatal to the lactation period. However, there is another person in this equation that results in a pregnancy, and until just recently, men have been largely left out of the research regarding the effects of cannabis use in relation to reproduction. That is changing as increased legalization and access to cannabis has researchers examining the effects of its exposure on male reproduction.

    In this episode of CNT, we highlight the adverse effects of cannabis exposure in men that may create long-term genetic changes in their offspring. From the accumulating evidence, we can state with certainty that men who are interested in contributing to a pregnancy should refrain from cannabis use, as it affects not only sperm cells but can also create harmful DNA alterations that are hereditary. In other words, men should also just say no if they plan on contributing to a pregnancy.

    EPISODE RESOURCES

    Carvalho, R.K., Andersen, M.L., & Mazaro‐Costa, R. (2020). The effects of cannabidiol on male reproductive system: A literature review. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 40(1), 132–150. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3831

    Carvalho, R.K., Santos, M.L., Souza, M.R., Rocha, T.L., Guimarães, F.S., Anselmo‐Franci, J.A., & Mazaro‐Costa, R. (2018). Chronic exposure to cannabidiol induces reproductive toxicity in male Swiss mice. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 38(9), 1215–1223. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3631

    Govahi, A., Eghbali, S., Ajdary, M., Amjadi, F., Nazari, M., Kazorgah, F.M., & Mehdizadeh, M. (2024). Cannabidiol impairs sperm quality and function in adult mice. Middle East Fertility Society Journal, 29(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43043-024-00184-8

    Gundersen, T.D., Jørgensen, N., Andersson, A.-M., Bang, A. K., Nordkap, L., Skakkebæk, N.E., Priskorn, L., Juul, A., & Jensen, T.K. (2015). Association between use of marijuana and male reproductive hormones and semen quality: A study among 1,215 healthy young men. American Journal of Epidemiology, 182(6), 473–481. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv135

    Ismaeil, A., Jankowski, P.M., Riffat Bibi, F., Hammadeh, M.E., & Amor, H. (2024). The effects of cannabis compounds (THC, CBD, and THC-COOH) on sperm motility in male participants: A prospective study. International Journal of Women’s Health and Reproduction Sciences, 12(1), 16–20. https://doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2024.6001

    Lim, J., Squire, E., & Jung, K.-M. (2023). Phytocannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system and male reproduction. World Journal of Men’s Health, 41(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.220132

    Lotfi, N., Khazaei, M., Shariatzadeh, S.M.A., Soleimani Mehranjani, M., & Ghanbari, A. (2013). The effect of cannabis sativa hydroalcoholic extract on sperm parameters and testis histology in rats. International Journal of Morphology, 31(1), 82–86. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022013000100012

    Maccarrone, M., Rapino, C., Francavilla, F., & Barbonetti, A. (2021). Cannabinoid signaling and effects of cannabis on the male reproductive system. Nature Reviews Urology, 18(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-020-00391-8

    Schrott, R., & Murphy, S.K. (2020). Cannabis use and the sperm epigenome: A budding concern? Environmental Epigenetics, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/eep/dvaa002

    Schrott, R., Modliszewski, J.L., Hawkey, A.B., Grenier, C., Holloway, Z., Evans, J., Pippen, E., Corcoran, D.L., Levin, E.D., & Murphy, S.K. (2022). Sperm DNA methylation alterations from cannabis extract exposure are evident in offspring. Epigenetics & Chromatin, 15(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13072-022-00466-3

    Schrott, R., Murphy, S.K., Modliszewski, J.L., King, D.E., Hill, B., Itchon-Ramos, N., Raburn, D., Price, T., Levin, E.D., Vandrey, R., Corcoran, D.L., Kollins, S.H., & Mitchell, J.T. (2021). Refraining from use diminishes cannabis-associated epigenetic changes in human sperm. Environmental Epigenetics, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/eep/dvab009

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  • Ep. 38 - Cannabis During Breastfeeding: Just Say No! (Part 3)

    Ep. 38 - Cannabis During Breastfeeding: Just Say No! (Part 3)
    Oct 9 2024
    We continue to examine cannabis use during pregnancy, and in the last few episodes of Cannabis Nurse Truths, we highlighted the adverse physical and psychodevelopmental concerns that are associated with cannabis during pregnancy. None of the studies indicated that cannabis use during pregnancy was a good idea. In this episode of CNT, we consider the effects of cannabis use AFTER pregnancy, the postpartum period, in which many new mothers choose to breastfeed their newborn. Research indicates that cannabinoids are transferred through breast milk and remain in the breast milk for up to 6 weeks. Since we already know that cannabinoids can affect fetal development during pregnancy, it is concerning that women who use cannabis during breastfeeding are also affecting the developing neuromodulatory systems of their newborn. In other words, it is also a good idea to just say no during the postpartum period if you are a breastfeeding mother. EPISODE RESOURCES Bach, W.A., & Wasilczuk, M.K. (2024, September). Pregnancy as a crime: A preliminary report on the first year after Dobbs. https://www.pregnancyjusticeus.org/press/new-pregnancy-justice-report-shows-high-number-of-pregnancy-related-prosecutions-in-the-year-after-dobbs/ Baker, T., Datta, P., Rewers-Felkins, K., Thompson, H., Kallem, R.R., & Hale, T.W. (2018). Transfer of inhaled cannabis into human breast milk. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 131(5), 783–788. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002575 Barbosa-Leiker, C., Burduli, E., Smith, C. L., Brooks, O., Orr, M., & Gartstein, M. (2020). Daily cannabis use during pregnancy and postpartum in a state with legalized recreational cannabis. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 14(6), 467–474. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000625 Bergeria, C.L., & Heil, S.H. (2015). Surveying lactation professionals regarding marijuana use and breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Medicine: The Official Journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, 10(7), 377–380. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2015.0051 Bhatia, D., Rosenberg, S., Rees, R., & Brooks-Russell, A. (2024). Perinatal cannabis use and cannabis use during breastfeeding: The role of health care workers. American Journal of Perinatology, 41(S 01), e2686–e2695. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2145-7775 Crume, T. L., Juhl, A. L., Brooks-Russell, A., Hall, K. E., Wymore, E., & Borgelt, L. M. (2018). Cannabis use during the perinatal period in a state with legalized recreational and medical marijuana: The association between maternal characteristics, breastfeeding patterns, and neonatal outcomes. Journal of Pediatrics, 197, 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.02.005 Dakkak, H., Brown, R.A., Twynstra, J., Charbonneau, K., & Seabrook, J. (2018). The perception of pre- and post-natal marijuana exposure on health outcomes: A content analysis of Twitter messages. Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, 11, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3233/NPM-17133 Govahi, A., Eghbali, S., Ajdary, M., Amjadi, F., Nazari, M., Kazorgah, F. M., & Mehdizadeh, M. (2024). Cannabidiol impairs sperm quality and function in adult mice. Middle East Fertility Society Journal, 29(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43043-024-00184-8 Graves, L.E., Robert, M., Allen, V.M., Dama, S., Gabrys, R.L., Tanguay, R.L., Turner, S.D., Green, C.R., & Cook, J.L. (2022). Guideline No. 425b: Cannabis Use Throughout Women’s Lifespans – Part 2: Pregnancy, the Postnatal Period, and Breastfeeding. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 44(4), 436-444.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2022.01.013 Hill, M.G., & Reed, K.L. (2017). Chapter 55 Marijuana and Breastfeeding. In Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies (pp. 527–532). Elsevier. ISBN 9780128007563. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800756-3.00064-8 Leek, J.C, Arif, H. (2023, July 24). Pregnancy medications. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507858 Navarrete, F., García-Gutiérrez, M.S., Gasparyan, A., Austrich-Olivares, A., Femenía, T., & Manzanares, J. (2020). Cannabis use in pregnant and breastfeeding women: Behavioral and neurobiological consequences. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.586447 Panday, J., Taneja, S., Popoola, A., Pack, R., Greyson, D., McDonald, S.D., Black, M., Murray-Davis, B., Darling, E., & Vanstone, M. (2022). Clinician responses to cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation: A systematic review and integrative mixed-methods research synthesis. Family Practice, 39(3), 504–514. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmab146 Smith, C.B., Schmidt, J., Holdsworth, E.A., Caffé, B., Brooks, O., Williams, J.E., Gang, D.R., McGuire, M.A., McGuire, M.K., Barbosa-Leiker, C., & Meehan, C.L. (2024). Cannabis use, decision making, and perceptions of risk among breastfeeding individuals: The Lactation and Cannabis (LAC) Study. Journal of Cannabis Research, 6(1), 6. https://doi.org...
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  • Ep. 37 - Cannabis During Pregnancy: Just Say No! (Part 2)

    Ep. 37 - Cannabis During Pregnancy: Just Say No! (Part 2)
    Oct 2 2024
    In our last episode of Cannabis Nurse Truths, we highlighted the adverse physical concerns associated with using cannabis during pregnancy that can result in outcomes like low birth weight and long-term metabolic disorders. In this episode, we review the developmental and psychological concerns associated with cannabis during pregnancy. Research suggests that prenatal cannabis exposure in any trimester can cause specific deficits as well as behavioral excesses in the offspring, even a decade after exposure. In other words, it's never a good time to use cannabis during pregnancy EPISODE RESOURCES Allen, S., Natale, B. V., Ejeckam, A. O., Lee, K., Hardy, D. B., & Natale, D. R. C. (2024). Cannabidiol exposure during rat pregnancy leads to labyrinth-specific vascular defects in the placenta and reduced fetal growth. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 9(3), 766–780. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2023.0166 Carvalho, R.K., Santos, M.L., Souza, M.R., Rocha, T.L., Guimarães, F.S., Anselmo‐Franci, J.A., & Mazaro‐Costa, R. (2018). Chronic exposure to cannabidiol induces reproductive toxicity in male Swiss mice. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 38(9), 1215-1223. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29766538/ Cioffredi, L.A., Anderson, H., Loso, H., East, J., Nguyen, P., Garavan, H., & Potter, A. (2022). Prenatal cannabis exposure predicts attention problems, without changes on fMRI in adolescents. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 91, 107089. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35314358/ Evanski, J.M., Zundel, C.G., Baglot, S.L., Desai, S., Gowatch, L.C., Ely, S.L., ... & Marusak, H.A. (2024). The first “hit” to the endocannabinoid system? Associations between prenatal cannabis exposure and frontolimbic white matter pathways in children. Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science, 4(1), 11-18. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2024-46428-005 Lim, J., Squire, E., & Jung, K.-M. (2023). Phytocannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system and male reproduction. World Journal of Men’s Health, 41(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.220132 Lotfi, N., Khazaei, M., Shariatzadeh, S.M.A., Soleimani Mehranjani, M., & Ghanbari, A. (2013). The effect of cannabis sativa hydroalcoholic extract on sperm parameters and testis histology in rats. International Journal of Morphology, 31(1), 82–86. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022013000100012 Machado, A.S., Bragança, M., & Vieira-Coelho, M. (2024). Epigenetic effects of cannabis: A systematic scoping review of behavioral and emotional symptoms associated with cannabis use and exocannabinoid exposure. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 111401. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871624003247 Nashed, M.G., Hardy, D.B., & Laviolette, S.R. (2021). Prenatal cannabinoid exposure: Emerging evidence of physiological and neuropsychiatric abnormalities. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.624275 Sorkhou, M., Singla, D.R., Castle, D.J., & George, T. P. (2024). Birth, cognitive and behavioral effects of intrauterine cannabis exposure in infants and children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction, 119(3), 411–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16370 Tadesse, A.W., Dachew, B.A., Ayano, G., Betts, K., & Alati, R. (2024). Prenatal cannabis use and the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 171, 142-151. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38281464/ Tadesse, A.W., Ayano, G., Dachew, B.A., Tusa, B.S., Damtie, Y., Betts, K., & Alati, R. (2024). The association between prenatal cannabis use and congenital birth defects in offspring: A cumulative meta-analysis. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 102, 107340. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38460861/ Torres, J., Miller, C., Apostol, M., Gross, J., & Maxwell, J.R. (2024). The impact of recreational cannabinoid legalization on utilization in a pregnant population. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1278834. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10912290/
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  • Ep. 36 - Cannabis During Pregnancy: Just Say No! (Part 1)

    Ep. 36 - Cannabis During Pregnancy: Just Say No! (Part 1)
    Sep 25 2024
    Prenatal cannabis exposure is associated with a higher risk of many different forms of birth defects and long-term neurodevelopmental effects. Cannabis during pregnancy not only exposes the developing fetus to harmful outcomes, but also can create adverse effects for offspring later in life. In this episode of CNT, we review these known adverse birth outcomes, which underscores the significance of implementing preventative strategies for guiding cannabis use during pregnancy. The bottom line: Just Say No. EPISODE RESOURCES Allen, S., Natale, B.V., Ejeckam, A.O., Lee, K., Hardy, D.B., & Natale, D.R. (2024). Cannabidiol exposure during rat pregnancy leads to labyrinth-specific vascular defects in the placenta and reduced fetal growth. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2023.016 Braillon, A. & Bewley, S.(2018, January). Committee Opinion No. 722: Marijuana Use During Pregnancy and Lactation. Obstetrics & Gynecology 131(1), 164. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28937574/ Cioffredi, L.A., Anderson, H., Loso, H., East, J., Nguyen, P., Garavan, H., & Potter, A. (2022). Prenatal cannabis exposure predicts attention problems, without changes on fMRI in adolescents. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 91, 107089. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35314358/ Dickson, B., Mansfield, C., Guiahi, M., Allshouse, A.A., Borgelt, L.M., Sheeder, J., ... & Metz, T.D. (2018). Recommendations from cannabis dispensaries about first-trimester cannabis use. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 131(6), 1031-1038. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5970054/ Evanski, J.M., Zundel, C.G., Baglot, S.L., Desai, S., Gowatch, L.C., Ely, S.L., ... & Marusak, H.A. (2024). The first “hit” to the endocannabinoid system? Associations between prenatal cannabis exposure and frontolimbic white matter pathways in children. Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science, 4(1), 11-18. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38021250/ Lee, K., & Hardy, D.B. (2021). Metabolic consequences of gestational cannabinoid exposure. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(17), Article 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179528 Li, Y., Dewar, A., Kim, Y.S., Dey, S.K., & Sun, X. (2020). Pregnancy success in mice requires appropriate cannabinoid receptor signaling for primary decidua formation. eLife, 9, e61762. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.61762 Lin, A., Dent, G.L., Davies, S., Dominguez, Z.M., Cioffredi, L.A., McLemore, G.L., & Maxwell, J.R. (2023). Prenatal cannabinoid exposure: Why expecting individuals should take a pregnancy pause from using cannabinoid products. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 11, 1278227. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pediatrics/articles/10.3389/fped.2023.1278227/full Machado, A.S., Bragança, M., & Vieira-Coelho, M. (2024). Epigenetic effects of cannabis: A systematic scoping review of behavioral and emotional symptoms associated with cannabis use and exocannabinoid exposure. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 111401. https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/science/article/pii/S0376871624003247 Moore, B.F., Sauder, K.A., Shapiro, A.L., Crume, T., Kinney, G.L., & Dabelea, D. (2022). Fetal exposure to cannabis and childhood metabolic outcomes: The Healthy Start Study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 107(7), e2862-e2869. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35357471/ Nashed, M.G., Hardy, D.B., & Laviolette, S.R. (2021). Prenatal cannabinoid exposure: Emerging evidence of physiological and neuropsychiatric abnormalities. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.624275 Sorkhou, M., Singla, D.R., Castle, D.J., & George, T.P. (2024). Birth, cognitive and behavioral effects of intrauterine cannabis exposure in infants and children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction, 119(3), 411–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16370 Tadesse, A.W., Ayano, G., Dachew, B.A., Tusa, B.S., Damtie, Y., Betts, K., & Alati, R. (2024). The association between prenatal cannabis use and congenital birth defects in offspring: A cumulative meta-analysis. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 102, 107340. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38460861/ Tadesse, A.W., Dachew, B.A., Ayano, G., Betts, K., & Alati, R. (2024). Prenatal cannabis use and the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 171, 142-151. https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/science/article/pii/S0022395624000591 Torres, J., Miller, C., Apostol, M., Gross, J., & Maxwell, J.R. (2024). The impact of recreational cannabinoid legalization on utilization in a pregnant population. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1278834. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1278834/full
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  • Ep. 35 - CBD, The Wonder Drug!

    Ep. 35 - CBD, The Wonder Drug!
    Sep 18 2024

    Cannabidiol, or CBD, was discovered in 1940 by Dr. Roger Adams in a sample of hemp he was testing for intoxicating compounds. Prior to the discovery of THC in 1964, scientists were busy looking for the magic ingredient that caused all of the impairing effects of cannabis and happened upon CBD during their search. Fast forward to modern day research, where we now understand how CBD works in the body to create many beneficial physiological and psychological effects.

    On this episode of CNT, we highlight the wonders of CBD, the miracle drug that seems to be able to affect numerous chronic conditions, including hypertension, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and even COVID-19 infection. It can also prevent numerous conditions, such as autoimmune and psychological disorders. So, why isn't CBD part of your daily wellness regimen?

    Episode Resources

    Appendino, G. (2020). The early history of cannabinoid research. Cannabis and Cannabinoids, 31(4), 919–929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-020-00956-0

    Bhunia, S., Kolishetti, N., Arias, A.Y., Vashist, A., & Nair, M. (2022). Cannabidiol for neurodegenerative disorders: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.989717

    Britch, S.C., Babalonis, S., & Walsh, S.L. (2021). Cannabidiol: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Targets. Psychopharmacology, 238(1), 9–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05712-8

    Dujic, G., Kumric, M., Vrdoljak, J., Dujic, Z., & Bozic, J. (2024). Chronic Effects of Oral Cannabidiol Delivery on 24-h Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Patients with Hypertension (HYPER-H21-4): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, and Crossover Study. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 9(4), 979–989. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2022.0320

    Esposito, G., Pesce, M., Seguella, L., Sanseverino, W., Lu, J., Corpetti, C., & Sarnelli, G. (2020). The potential of cannabidiol in the COVID-19 pandemic. British Journal of Pharmacology, 177(21), 4967–4970. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15157

    Mabou Tagne, A., Pacchetti, B., Sodergren, M., Cosentino, M., & Marino, F. (2020). Cannabidiol for Viral Diseases: Hype or Hope? Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 5(2), 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2019.0060

    Nguyen, L.C., Yang, D., Nicolaescu, V., Best, T.J., Gula, H., Saxena, D., Gabbard, J.D., Chen, S.-N., Ohtsuki, T., Friesen, J. B., Drayman, N., Mohamed, A., Dann, C., Silva, D., Robinson-Mailman, L., Valdespino, A., Stock, L., Suárez, E., Jones, K.A., … Rosner, M.R. (2022). Cannabidiol inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication through induction of the host ER stress and innate immune responses. Science Advances, 8(8), eabi6110. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi6110

    Peng, J., Fan, M., An, C., Ni, F., Huang, W., & Luo, J. (2022). A narrative review of molecular mechanism and therapeutic effect of cannabidiol (CBD). Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 130(4), 439–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.13710

    Seltzer, E.S., Watters, A.K., MacKenzie, D., Granat, L.M., & Zhang, D. (2020). Cannabidiol (CBD) as a Promising Anti-Cancer Drug. Cancers, 12(11), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12113203
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  • Ep. 34 - Lab Testing Keeps Cannabis (And You) Safe!

    Ep. 34 - Lab Testing Keeps Cannabis (And You) Safe!
    Sep 11 2024

    Cannabis is the most over regulated, yet under regulated prohibited drug on the market - and the most studied! Through eight decades of research, we know of all of the potential harms and risks associated with both use of the plant and access to the plant. Lab testing of all cannabis products is what helps keeps our consumers safe. But what if that's not the case?

    On this episode CNT, we review cannabis testing industry considerations and highlight some of the issues we are already facing as we try to provide safe, lab-tested products to either medical or adult use consumers.

    Episode Resources

    Association of Public Health Laboratories. (2016, May). Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs. Association of Public Health Laboratories.

    Azwell, T., Ciotti, C., Adams, A., & Pauli, G.F. (2022). Variation among hemp (Cannabis sativus L.) analytical testing laboratories evinces regulatory and quality control issues for the industry. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 31, 100434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2022.100434

    Hazle,C., Hill, K. P., & Westreich, L. M. (2022). Workplace Cannabis Policies: A Moving Target. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 7(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2020.0095 Jikomes, N., & Zoorob, M. (2018). The Cannabinoid Content of Legal Cannabis in Washington State Varies Systematically Across Testing Facilities and Popular Consumer Products. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 4519. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22755-2 Kapur, B.M., & Aleksa, K. (2020). What the lab can and cannot do: Clinical interpretation of drug testing results. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 57(8), 548-585. Schwabe, A. L., Johnson, V., Harrelson, J., & McGlaughlin, M. E. (2023). Uncomfortably high: Testing reveals inflated THC potency on retail Cannabis labels. PLOS ONE, 18(4), e0282396. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282396 Shaffer, C. (2019). Medical Cannabis Poses Unique Testing Challenges. Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, 39(8), 22–24, 26. https://doi.org/10.1089/gen.39.08.07 Spindle, T.R., Cone, E. J., Schlienz, N.J., Mitchell, J.M., Bigelow, G.E., Flegel, R., Hayes, E., & Vandrey, R. (2019). Acute Pharmacokinetic Profile of Smoked and Vaporized Cannabis in Human Blood and Oral Fluid. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bky104 Valdes-Donoso, P., Sumner, D.A., & Goldstein, R. (2019). Costs of mandatory cannabis testing in California. California Agriculture, 73(3). https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.2019a0014

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  • Ep. 33 - Medical or Adult Use, It's All the Same Cannabis

    Ep. 33 - Medical or Adult Use, It's All the Same Cannabis
    Sep 4 2024

    Medical or adult use? Which should you use? What are the differences? Are there differences? Currently in the United States, cannabis users have two legal options in states that have legalized either medical or adult-use cannabis. Although many of the differences between them are related to access, there are many other issues at hand when consumers make the decision to purchase at either a legal adult-use or medical dispensary.

    In this episode of CNT, we highlight the differences between medical and adult-use cannabis, but keep in mind... it's all the same weed.

    Episode Resources

    French, M.T., Zukerberg, J., Lewandowski, T. E., Piccolo, K.B., & Mortensen, K. (2022). Societal Costs and Outcomes of Medical and Recreational Marijuana Policies in the United States: A Systematic Review. Medical Care Research and Review, 79(6), 743–771. https://doi.org/10.1177/10775587211067315 Gibson, L.P., Giordano, G.R., Bidwell, L.C., Hutchison, K.E., & Bryan, A.D. (2023). Acute Effects of Ad Libitum Use of Commercially Available Cannabis Products on the Subjective Experience of Aerobic Exercise: A Crossover Study. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01980-4 Lin, L.A., Ilgen, M.A., Jannausch, M., & Bohnert, K.M. (2016). Comparing adults who use cannabis medically with those who use recreationally: Results from a national sample. Addictive Behaviors, 61, 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.05.015 Page, R.L., Allen, L.A., Kloner, R.A., Carriker, C.R., Martel, C., Morris, A.A., Piano, M.R., Rana, J.S., & Saucedo, J.F. (2020). Medical Marijuana, Recreational Cannabis, and Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 142(10), e131–e152. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000883 Szejko, N., Becher, E., Heimann, F., Grotenhermen, F., & Müller-Vahl, K.R. (2024). Medicinal Use of Different Cannabis Strains: Results from a Large Prospective Survey in Germany. Pharmacopsychiatry, 57, 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2261-2269 Turna, J., Balodis, I., Munn, C., Van Ameringen, M., Busse, J., & MacKillop, J. (2020). Overlapping patterns of recreational and medical cannabis use in a large community sample of cannabis users. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 102, 152188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152188
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  • Ep. 32 - THC Dose: How High Is Too High?

    Ep. 32 - THC Dose: How High Is Too High?
    Aug 28 2024

    In 2020, an estimated 209 million people around the world, or just less than four per cent of the global population, reported using cannabis in the past 12 months. Around the world, cannabis is being legalized or decriminalized and hundreds of thousands of patients are currently being treated with medicinal cannabis. Cannabis products are becoming increasingly diverse, and vary considerably in their concentrations of the one psychoactive cannabinoid found in cannabis, delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol, also known as THC. It is in use of THC that we develop risks and harms from cannabis.

    Currently, there is no standardized THC dose or measure that has been recommended by experts, and there are no approved treatments for THC intoxication. On this episode of Cannabis Nurse Truths, we review the concerns with standard THC dosing - just how high is too high?

    Episode Resources

    Bhaskar, A., Bell, A., Boivin, M., Briques, W., Brown, M., Clarke, H., Cyr, C., Eisenberg, E., de Oliveira Silva, RF., Frohlich, E., Georgius, P., Hogg, M., Horsted, T.I., MacCallum, C.A., Müller-Vahl, K.R., O’Connell, C., Sealey, R., Seibolt, M., Sihota, A., … Moulin, D.E. (2021). Consensus recommendations on dosing and administration of medical cannabis to treat chronic pain: Results of a modified Delphi process. Journal of Cannabis Research, 3(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-021-00073-1 Freeman, T. P., & Lorenzetti, V. (2020). ‘Standard THC units’: A proposal to standardize dose across all cannabis products and methods of administration. Addiction, 115(7), 1207–1216. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14842 Glare, P., Chye, R., Bloch, M., Arya, M., Moore, A., & Montgomery, J. (2023). Tolerability and Efficacy of a 10:25 Preparation of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol for Treatment of Chronic Back or Neck Pain: A Multiple-Dose Escalation Study. Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids, 6(1), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1159/000531232 Leung, J., Stjepanović, D., Dawson, D., & Hall, W. D. (2021). Do Cannabis Users Reduce Their THC Dosages When Using More Potent Cannabis Products? A Review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 630602. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.630602 Rozanc, J., Klumpers, L.E., Huestis, M.A., & Tagen, M. (2024). Tolerability of High-Dose Oral Δ 9 -THC: Implications for Human Laboratory Study Design. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, can.2023.0209. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2023.0209

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    54 m